Integumentary System Function(s): -protects body from infections (barrier) -regulates body temperature allows for sense of touch Organs: -skin -hair -nails

Skeletal System Functions: -supports the body -helps to move the body -protects internal organs -makes blood cells -stores calcium and phosphorus

Skeletal System Organs: -bones -cartilage -ligaments -tendons

Muscular System Function(s): -helps to move the body -moves materials through the body (blood, food) Organs: skeletal -muscles- cardiac -tendons smooth

lowest level: smallest/least complex What are the levels of organization of multicellular organisms? (in order from least complex to most complex) lowest level: smallest/least complex cell tissue organ organ system organism highest level: largest/most complex

Made up of the hair, nails, and skin © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Hair: Made of the protein “keratin,” grows from follicle Found all over body except lips, palms and soles of feet Functions in warmth, protection, and immune defense Characteristic of mammals Oil Gland Follicle Muscle Hair Shaft Epidermis Dermis © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Nails: Made of the protein “keratin,” grows from root Found on fingers and toes (phalanges) Functions in protection and as a tool for precise activities Free Margin Nail Plate Nail Bed Lunula Matrix Root © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

SKIN: Your skin is the largest organ of your body and is made up of three layers of tissue: Epidermis: outer layer composed of epithelial cells Outermost cells are dead and rub off New cells are constantly made at the base/bottom of the epidermis. Melanocytes: cells produce melanin - pigment that protects your skin and gives it color Dermis: the middle layer composed of connective tissue Contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, muscles, oil, sweat glands, and other structures. Hypodermis (fatty layer): below the dermis - insulates body © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Human Skin Cross-section magnified 100x EPIDERMIS DERMIS Human Skin Cross-section magnified 100x © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Skin Cross-section Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Hair from hair follicle Sweat Gland Oil gland Nerve Blood Vessels 4 1 5 6 2 7 3 8 © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Sense our environment through touch Function: Forms a protective covering over the body which prevents infection and water loss (force field) Sense our environment through touch Formation of Vitamin D during exposure to the sun © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

Regulation of body temperature Blood vessels in skin help release/hold heat Perspiration (sweating) to keep cool and shivering to keep warm © 2014 Getting Nerdy, LLC

organ system a group of organs that work together to perform a complex function

tissue a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

organ a structure made up of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a function or task

function (job) What is the shape of a cell usually related to? You may or may not wish to distinguish between cytosol and cytoplasm. The correct use of each term is shown here. Most high school textbooks, however, use the word “cytoplasm” to mean “cytosol.”

melanin the pigment that gives skin its color (made by melanocytes)

dermis the inner layer of the skin

sweat pores openings in the skin where sweat comes out sweat gland

epidermis the outermost layer of the skin

hair follicles structures in the skin where hair grows

hypodermis the inner-most layer of skin; also called the subcutaneous layer (or the fatty layer)

What are the four types of human tissues? connective epithelial muscular nervous

What is the function of epithelial tissue? Protects body, absorbs nutrients, filters blood & secretes hormones found on internal organs (digestive tract) and exterior of body (skin) found in glands: thyroid, pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands

What is the function of connective tissue? Provide structure and support, cushions organs, stores nutrients Types: cartilage, bone, & blood fibrous (tendons & ligaments) loose (fat cells)

What is the function of nervous tissue? to carry impulses throughout the body Example: neurons

What is the function of muscle tissue? -to relax and contract muscle fibers Examples: Skeletal Smooth Cardiac