Postcolonial Challenges in South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa

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Postcolonial Challenges in South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa 1945-1991

Overview Superpower rivalry was extended to internal affairs of smaller nations (proxy wars) Ethnic and religious divisions threatened the existence of newly-independent nations Neo-colonial economies slowed development Population expanded dramatically creating new challenges

South Asia India transitioned to democracy under 1st Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Major social forms introduced Non-alignment Economy based on “democratic socialism” couldn’t keep up w/ pop. growth Jawaharlal Nehru

“Green Revolution” of 60’s prevented mass starvation Adoption of free-market reforms in ‘90’s led to spectacular economic growth Partition of Pakistan highlighted continuing probs. of sectarianism Indira Gandhi

The Middle East Proclamation of the state of Israel in 1948 created lasting tensions Pan-Arabism sought to unite all Arab peoples in N. Africa and Middle East Most countries until the 1960’s adopted Western-style reforms Gamal Abel Nasser of Egypt

Iranian Revolution of 1979 symbolized a resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a proxy war

Africa Pan-Africanism promoted unity of all Africans and the Diaspora Democracy soon gave way to dictatorship in many countries Arbitrary colonial/national boundaries caused instability Marcus Garvey

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