Cerebral Cortex Cerebral hemispheres Gray & white matter Gyri & sulci (in humans) Fissures Longitudinal, central, lateral Corpus callosum Connects the 2 hemis

Cerebral Cortex 4 lobes of the brain Frontal Parietal Occipital PFC Parietal Occipital Temporal

4 Lobes of the Brain Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Motor function PFC Complex cognitive functions Parietal Somatosensory (touch) Perceiving location of body & objects Attention Occipital Vision Temporal Hearing & language

4 Lobes of the Brain

Cells of the Nervous System Neurons Glia

Cells of the Nervous System: Neurons Cells specialized for the reception, conduction & transmission of electrochemical signals Different classes based on shape/# of projections from cell body Multipolar Most neurons are multipolar Unipolar Bipolar Interneurons

Neurons

Parts of the Neuron Dendrites Cell body (soma) Axon hillock Axon Receive input from other neurons Cell body (soma) Energy center; contains the nucleus Axon hillock Where the soma joins the axon Axon Sends signal from the soma towards other neurons Myelin sheath Insulation around the axon to increase the speed of the signal Nodes of Ranvier Gaps between myelin sections Terminal Buttons End of axon branches that release chemicals into the synapse

Parts of the Neuron Synapse Synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitters Gaps between terminal buttons of sending neuron & dendrites of receiving neuron Where chemical signals are released Synaptic vesicles Packages inside the terminal buttons that contain ready-to-release neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters Molecules that are released to transmit the chemical signal from one neuron to another

Neurons Lipid bilayer: neuron cell membrane Groups of nerve structures Channel proteins Groups of nerve structures Mostly cell bodies: In CNS: nuclei In PNS: ganglia Mostly axons: In CNS: tracts In PNS: nerves

Cells of the Nervous System: Glia Long ignored by neuroscience Glia ≥ neurons 4 main types Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells Microglia Astrocytes

Cells of the Nervous System: Glia Oligodendrocytes: Make up myelin sheaths that wrap around axons in the CNS to increase the speed of signal conduction 1 glia: multiple myelin Schwann Cells: Similar function but in the PNS 1 glia: 1 myelin Can guide regeneration Glia means glue

Cells of the Nervous System: Glia Microglia: Act in response to injury or disease; multiply and engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammatory responses Astrocytes: Contact blood vessels and neuron cell bodies to allow the transfer of some chemicals