The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Sound A localized disturbance in an elastic medium Random disturbance - noise Organized disturbance - tone 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Sine wave Most simple tone (cycles per second) 500 Hz 1000 Hz Pure tones are rare in natural sources 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Two sine waves Different frequencies Different amplitudes 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Sine wave Fourier Analysis indicates: A single harmonic No overtones No partials 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Complex wave Complex pressure pattern Complex tonal quality 125 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Complex wave Result of adding sine waves together This is Fourrier analysis 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Complex wave Fourier analysis indicates multiple partials or harmonics This explains the complex perceptual quality – the ‘buzz’ 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Complex wave Larynx produces a complex tone. Passes through vocal tract Air space ‘selects’ certain partials to amplify - to ‘resonate’ 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Formant A formant is a resonance of the vocal tract Formants have ‘pitch’ determined by the shape of the vocal tract 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Vowel F1 and F2 determine quality of sound – our ears define this as a vowel Formant frequencies are changed by changes in position: Tongue, jaw, lips, larynx, soft palate 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Formant Tuning Lining up formants to partials Enhances intelligibility Maximizes intensity Provides support for vf vibration Explanation for ‘pure vowel’ concept 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Rules for Vowel Tuning Dropping the jaw raises F1 Lowering the larynx and extending lips lowers all formants A ‘back constriction’ raises F1 and lowers F2 A ‘front’ constriction’ lowers F1 and raises F2 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Vowel Tuning for the Soprano Sundberg has reported that a soprano can gain up to 30 dB by tuning F1 to the F0 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation For male singers, F1 is too high to tune with the F0 Male solution lies in the ‘Singer’s Formant’ 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation Intelligibility Singers are notoriously difficult to understand Sopranos are the worst! It’s not ALL their fault! 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The Vocal Pedagogy Workshop Session III – Articulation 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas Consonants Carry more information than do vowels Classified as to: Place of articulation Lips, tongue, teeth, soft palate, etc. Manner of production Stops, plosives, fricatives, etc. Voicing 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

Places of Articulation Bilabials Both lips: [p], [b], [w] Labio-dentals Lower lip and upper teeth: [f] and [v] Lingua-dentals Tongue tip and upper teeth: [] and [] In Italian [t] and [d] Lingua-alveolars Tongue tip and alveolar ridge: [d], [t], [l], [n] and the flipped [r] 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas Place of Articulation Lingua-velars Tongue and velum: [] Lingua-palatal/alveolar Tongue blade and alveolar ridge/hard palate: [] and [j], [dz], and [] Lingua-velar Tongue blade and velum: [k] and [g] 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas Manner of Production Stops and plosives Air flow halted or begun abruptly: plosives at beginning and stops at end: [d], [k], [p], and [t] Fricatives Prolonged sound with noise: [f], [v], [s], [z], etc. Affricates Combines a stop and a fricative 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas Manner of Production Oral resonants Voiced sounds, some considered ‘semi-vowels’: [l], [r], some glides: [j], and [w] Nasal resonants [n], [m], [], and [] (has glide quality) Aspirate [h] 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas Manner of Production Other sounds from foreign languages: Three ‘r’ sounds: rolled [ř] and flipped []. Both lingua-alveolar. Uvular [], lingua-uvular. Not used in sung French art song. Gottal plosive: coupe de la glotte []. Some sources put a bar underneath. Bi-labial fricatives: Spanish [], [] Additional affricates: [], [kw], [dz], [pf] German: ichlaut [] and achlaut [] 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas

The University of North Texas 11/17/2018 The University of North Texas