Warm up What do you already know about the Civil Rights Movement in the United States? Think about when, where, who, what and why in your response.

The Civil Rights Movement 1945-1975

Segregation Divides America De Jure segregation: Separation that is enforced by law Ex) Jim Crow Laws De Facto segregation: Separation by custom or tradition Ex) Hiring practices

Early Stages 1947 – Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier in MLB 1948 – Pres. Truman orders the desegregation of the military Still no anti-lynching law Executive Order 9981

Brown v. Board of Education 1954-Brown v. Board of Education officially ends segregation in public places NAACP Used the court system to challenge unfair laws NAACP used Thurgood Marshall to lead the legal team Chief Justice Earl Warren made the decision

Resistance to De-Segregation Little Rock, Arkansas Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus resisted when… 9 AA students tried to enroll at the all-white Little Rock Central High School The National Guard was called to escort these students into the school amid massive protests and threats of violence

Civil Rights Act of 1957 Passed to crack down on the violation of civil rights US investigated abuses and protected voting rights Problem- rarely enforced Strom Thurmond of South Carolina One-man filibuster lasted 24 hours and 18 minutes

New Leadership In the Civil Rights Movement MLK & the SCLC

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-Rosa Parks broke de jure segregation laws by not moving to the back of a city bus Her supporters began a city-wide bus boycott Highly effective-AAs were major customers of the bus system he boycott lasted for 385 days,[40] and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed

Martin Luther King Jr. Called for non-violent protest and an extension of the bus boycott Boycott would last for over a year under his direction Montgomery, Alabama was forced to end its bus laws Why was non-violence so important for the movement?

Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King would go on to form the SCLC with other leaders Southern Christian Leadership Conference- devoted to non-violent methods to end discrimination

1. Who was King’s audience 1.Who was King’s audience? What does that imply about King’s intentions in this speech? 2.What does this document suggest are key factors in the success of the boycott? 3.There are multiple references to religion in this speech. How does King? What does this suggest about the role of religion in the boycott?

Young Activists Make An Impact

Greensboro Sit-Ins 1960-4 NC A&T students staged a sit-in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter They were refused service and suffered harsh treatment by white customers The sit-in movement gained a lot of attention and a lot of traction with other youths Over 70,000 people took part in the sit-ins. They even spread to northern states such as Ohio and the western state of Nevada. Sit-ins protested about segregated swimming pools, lunch counters, libraries, transport facilities, museums, art galleries, parks and beaches.

SNCC The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee was formed at Shaw University in Raleigh, NC Spread to college campuses across the South They were devoted to non-violent methods as well

Riding For Freedom Interstate busing systems were still segregated To test the willingness of the govt to enforce its own laws, CORE (and others) organized the “freedom rides” Riders sit in the front of buses, use “whites only” facilities at stops These freedom rides went from Washington DC to Jackson, MS Police arrested riders for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and violating state and local Jim Crow laws, along with other alleged offenses, but they often first let white mobs attack them without intervention.

Freedom riders were met with resistance the whole way JFK (in 1960) was forced to take action Used state police to enforce desegregation and protect the riders The government was again being forced to recognize civil rights laws Police arrested riders for trespassing, unlawful assembly, and violating state and local Jim Crow laws, along with other alleged offenses, but they often first let white mobs attack them without intervention.

Confrontations Intensify 1962- James Meredith tried to enroll at University of Miss. Medgar Evers, an AA lawyer, aided Meredith Meredith was met by intense riots on campus JFK was again forced to step in Meredith was admitted and graduated in 1963 Evers was assassinated soon after 2 civilians were killed during the night, including a French journalist, and over 300 people were injured,[1] including one third of the US Marshals deployed

Birmingham, Alabama “Most segregated city in the south” Birmingham police, led by Bull Connor, were brutal as they suppressed protests Eventually, Birmingham was forced to desegregate Birmingham “most segregated city in the south” Used armored vehicles Used fire hoses Used police dogs

March on Washington August 28, 1963-the famous “march on Washington DC” took place This is where MLK delivered his “I have a dream” speech. This was for jobs and equality for African Americans

1964 The 16th street Baptist Church in Birmingham was bombed KKK responsible 4 little girls killed LBJ passed the Civil Rights act of 1964 Ended all segregation, ended any discrimination in the workplace based on race, color, sex, or national origin.

The Push For Voting Rights

Freedom Summer Despite laws that guaranteed the right to vote, Southern states were still preventing minorities from voting SNCC organized the Freedom Summer 1,000 volunteers went to Mississippi to encourage African Americans to register to vote For example, in Mississippi (1964), not one single African American was registered to vote in five of the counties The reason? Fear This was dangerous work, and only helped a little 3 volunteers were found murdered because of the work they were doing

Selma The push for voting rights was also found in Selma, Alabama A non-violent march led to an event called “Bloody Sunday” Marchers were attacked by police and the events were seen on TV

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965: Banned literacy tests and allowed federal govt to oversee the voting process Responsible for an increase in African American voters in the South In MS, registered African American voters jumped from 7% in 1964, to 70% by 1986

Racial Violence Across America Watts Riot: Los Angeles, 1965 Frustrated African Americans clashed with whites Arson, looting, and other violence created chaos in the city The National Guard was called in to restore order Violence spread to several other cities Newark, NJ Detroit, MI Here, 43 people died and damage was done to the amount of $53 million

Malcolm X A member of the Nation of Islam Primarily comprised of African Americans, had very strict rule Demanded separation of the races Early on, Malcolm X expressed distrust of all whites Changed his mind after a pilgrimage to Mecca, offered a more trusting view of whites Assassinated in 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam that felt betrayed

The Black Power Movement The belief that African Americans should use their economic and political power to gain equality EX) Boycotts, voting, etc Whites viewed this as a threat of violence Caused more distrust and tension among the races

The Black Panthers Sometimes had violent confrontations with police Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in Oakland, CA Used armed patrols in black neighborhoods as a means of self-defense from the police Sometimes had violent confrontations with police Many dismissed this group as violent and damaging to the Civil Rights Movement

MLK’s Final Days 1968-MLK traveled to Memphis to support workers who were on strike April 4- MLK was shot outside his motel room by James Earl Ray MLK’s legacy: Ended de jure segregation Helped establish protections for African American voting rights Improved economic situation of the African American community In his final days, MLK was working on the issue of poverty in the US MLK’s legacy: Ended de jure segregation Helped establish protections for African American voting rights Improved economic situation of the African American community