X. I. Gu, P. E. Palacio-Mancheno, D. J. Leong, Y. A. Borisov, E

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Osteoarthritis year 2012 in review: imaging

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High resolution micro arthrography of hard and soft tissues in a murine model X.I. Gu, P.E. Palacio-Mancheno, D.J. Leong, Y.A. Borisov, E. Williams, N. Maldonado, D. Laudier, R.J. Majeska, M.B. Schaffler, H.B. Sun, L. Cardoso Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 20, Issue 9, Pages 1011-1019 (September 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004 Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 On the left side, histograms of X-ray absorption in HUs for (A) air, (B) water, (C) 250 mg/cm3 HA phantom, (D) 750 g/cm3 HA phantom. On the right side, histograms represent (F) 1:0 LDM and HDM dilutions (G) 1:1 LDM and HDM dilutions, (H) 1:3 LDM and HDM dilutions, (I) 1:4 LDM and HDM dilutions. Bottom row indicates histograms of VOI of knee joint for (E) soft and hard tissues injected with 1:0 LDM, and (J) soft and hard tissues injected with 1:0 HDM. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 1011-1019DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004) Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Contrast enhanced μCT images of a rat knee joint at 2.7 μm voxel size. (A) Transverse plane of 1:0 LDM scan indicating the Patellar Tendon (PT) and femoral cartilage (arrows); inset in panel A showing subchondral bone is magnified in panel E. (B) Coronal plane showing the Medial Meniscus (MM), Lateral Meniscus (LM); and femoral and tibial growth plate; inset in panel B showing a magnified view of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) and tibial cartilage (arrows) in panel F. (C) Transverse plane of a 1:0 HDM scan showing the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL), Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and femoral cartilage (arrows); inset in panel C displaying a magnified view of femoral cartilage, subchondral bone and microfil interface in panel G. (D) Coronal plane of a 1:0 HDM scan indicating the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (arrows) and femoral growth plate; inset in panel D showing a magnified view in greater detailed of tibial trabecular bone and growth plate subchondral bone in panel H (arrows). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 1011-1019DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004) Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Comparison among structures and thickness measurements of μCT and histological images. Corresponding sagittal view of (A) histology and (B) μCT images of the same knee joint. (C) Magnified view of inset in panel A, indicating bone (blue), HDM contrast agent (orange) and cartilage (light pink). (D) Magnified view of inset area shown in panel B, indicating bone (gray color), HDM contrast agent (light gray) and cartilage (black). White arrows indicate the cartilage in all images. (E) Pearson's correlation coefficient between histology and μCT cartilage thickness was found R2 = 0.90 with a slope of 0.97. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 1011-1019DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004) Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Single sagittal slice of μCT images with LDM (n = 6) and HDM (n = 6) at resolutions of 2.7, 11.0, 22.1, 44.2, and 88.3 μm voxel size. (A) Demonstrating the effect of resolution on the ability to resolve tissues and structures in the knee joint injected with 1:0 LDM. At 44-μm voxel size, the tissues boundaries are blurred owing to partial volume effect so that the gray scale is sufficiently reduced to the extent that they cannot be differentiated from each other. Same partial volume effect is seen on (B) however knee joint was injected with 1:0 HDM. Quantitative assessment (mean ± 95% CI shown as error bars) of cartilage thickness % error (C) and cartilage volume % error (D) as a function of voxel size (16 repeated observations per independent sample). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 1011-1019DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004) Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Contrast enhanced μCT images of tibiofemoral joints after surgical destabilization of medial meniscus. (A and B) Coronal plane displaying the medial meniscus out of place. (C and D) sagittal views of the DMM model showing ulceration and erosion of tibial and femoral cartilage respectively. (E and F) Magnified views of A and B showing the formation of Oph in the tibia and femur. (G and H) disruption and ulceration of femoral and tibial cartilage. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 1011-1019DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004) Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Characterization of bone microarchitecture and cartilage thickness at four distinct compartments (LFC, LTP, MFC, and MTP) of the tibiofemoral joint from DMM (n = 5) and CN (n = 5) groups. (A) trabecular porosity (ϕ), (B) trabecular number (Tb.N), (C) trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), (D) trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp), (E) degree of anisotropy (DA), and F) cartilage thickness (Cg.Th). Data shown as mean ± 95 confidence interval (error bars), * indicates significant differences between groups with P < 0.05 level, ns indicates non significant differences. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20, 1011-1019DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.004) Copyright © 2012 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions