How would you answer this question? To what extent was the election of Abraham Lincoln responsible for the outbreak of the American Civil War? (25) Included to address the fact it is about the war and not about secession. What own knowledge should you include in this answer?

To what extent was the election of Abraham Lincoln responsible for the outbreak of the American Civil War? (25) Arguments in support: Arguments against: He did not win a single Southern state and in most (10 states) was not even on the ballot papers. Secession started immediately after the result 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates had highlighted Lincoln’s views on slavery and therefore the reaction from the South if his was elected was inevitable. Compromises he been found earlier on but Lincoln was too divisive a figure for one to be possible now. His attacks on ‘slave power’ made it impossible for Southern politicians to work with him. The way Lincoln had be portrayed in the South as a ‘black Republican’ and abolitionist meant that many were outraged in the South at his election. Lincoln’s election did not cause the war, secession did. Given Lincoln’s inauguration speech there was no need for the South to secede. There were attempts at compromise which Southern politicians failed to embrace e.g. Crittenden Compromise and Virginia Plan. The South started the War by attacking Fort Sumter. Earlier events such as Harper’s Ferry played a key role- Lincoln’s election simply another issue on top of growing tension. ‘Fire-eaters’ in the South were to blame for false portrayal of Lincoln and railroading population into secession. Without secession there would not have been a war.

Flip Learning At the start of today’s lesson I would like you to peer assess your answer. TASK: Your self assessed answer to the source question on Lincoln and Reconstruction Notes and annotated the reading, ‘The chequered history of the Fourteenth Amendment’ 3. Profile on President Johnson and explain how he became President.

How effective were the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments in improving the lives of black Americans? Good learning: Understand what the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment are. Great learning: Explain the impact of both Amendments Even better: Evaluate whether the Amendments improve the lives of black Americans

RECAP: What was the 13th Amendment? Last lesson we started to look at what the 13th Amendment was. First we are going to see what you can remember from last lesson… 1. The Reconstruction Amendments were… 2. The Thirteenth Amendment was… 3. Lincoln was able to get the Thirteenth Amendment passed because… TASK: Finish off the following sentences with what you can remember.

What was the impact of the Amendment? TASK: 1. Finish your sheet on the impact of the 13th Amendment. Categorize the information into the following: Evidence to suggest that there was a move towards equality in the reconstruction era Evidence to suggest there was not Factors which inhibited the move to equality Also watch the following clip and add any additional information. 2. Create a mind map that explains the impact of the Thirteenth Amendment commenting on the following: The status of slavery in America Existing legislation concerning slavery The American political system Southern culture However, though slaves were now free in law, they still had a considerable way to go before they received equality. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YV6yt7hgz0 Notes from previous PowerPoint: - Which two laws became void as a result of the 13th Amendment? Three-Firths Clause and Fugitive Slave Act What was the impact of the 13th Amendment on the American political system - Southern Democrat representation in the American government increases (specifically in the HoR). What the impact on Southern culture? Still racist, and blacks in the South remained in an unsafe position

What was the Fourteenth Amendment? The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” including former slaves. Ratified on July 9, 1868, despite vigorous opposition from former Confederate states, the 14th Amendment also forbids states from denying any person “life, liberty or property, without due process of law” or to “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” The 14th Amendment extended civil rights to all Americans. Watch the following clip And add any information you might have missed. TASK: 2. Using your reading, ‘The Checkered History of the Fourteenth Amendment’, answer the following : What as Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan? What were some of the consequences of this? Why do the Radical republicans unite against Johnson? What was the Civil Rights Act 1866? What was the Fourteenth Amendment? Why did it not fully satisfy Radical Republicans? Why does Johnson try to stop ratification and what is the outcome? What impact did the Amendment have on federal government? What issues and limitations were there to the Fourteenth Amendment? TO WHAT DEGREE DID THE STATUS OF BLACK AMERICANS CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT? CHALLENGE: Why would Foner describe the Fourteenth Amendment as “one of the most important lasting consequences of the immense changes produced by the Civil War and the subsequent political crisis of Reconstruction?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fEjVzJqCkI

Did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil War Amendments adequately address racial inequality after the Civil War? Using everything you now know about the Amendments and also the additional information sheet on ‘Black Codes’, I would like you to plan your arguments for and against this question and come to an overall judgement. You need to aim for a MINIMUM of 3 arguments for each side! For Against

Flip Learning For next lesson you will need to: TASK: Create a list of aims for Reconstruction for both Johnson (pg. 199) and the Radical Republicans (use your reading on the Fourteenth Amendment) Using your Reconstruction timeline and P199-204 produce a graphic organiser that captures the clashes between the Executive and Legislature over reconstruction 1863-1869. Include the key events and how these demonstrate the differences between the two in principle/aims. Add a scale or other indication to show how hostile the two sides are to each other at each stage. Indicate at each stage which side has the advantage.