Person of the Day: Thurgood Marshall- NAACP lawyer, fought in Sweatt v. Painter and Brown v. Board of Education. First African American on the US Supreme Court Warm Up: Do you think it was it was a good idea to use Rosa Parks as the National symbol of the Montgomery Bus Boycott? Why.?

The Civil Rights Act of 1957 Who Signed It Focus Details Negative Positive   President Eisenhower African American Voting Rights in the South Created the Civil Rights Commission and the Civil Rights Division in the Justice System Federal Courts have the right to register African American voters. Registration procedures were so complex that the act proved ineffective. It helped set the pattern for later civil rights legislation.

1957- The Little Rock Crisis What was the status quo that Brown v. Board overturned? What was the court case in 1954 that banned segregation in education? Brown v. Board of Education In 1957 the Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, favored segregation and refused to allow the integration of 9 African American students into Little Rock High School. Look at the picture, think about both women in the picture and what would be going through their minds. Write it above each woman. Orval Faubus = Arkansas Governor, Little Rock High Angry mobs threatened the students as they tried to attend class.

1957- The Little Rock Crisis Acting As An Amateur Historian   On September 24, 1957, President Eisenhower issued this Executive Order: “….Whenever normal agencies prove inadequate to the task and it becomes necessary for the Executive Branch of the Federal Government to use its power and authority to uphold Federal Courts, the President’s responsibility is inescapable. In accordance with that responsibility, I have today issued an Executive Order directing the use of troops under Federal authority to aid in the execution of Federal law at Little Rock, Arkansas. This became necessary when my Proclamation of yesterday was not observed, and the obstruction of justice still continues…” In your opinion, was President Eisenhower justified in issuing this Executive Order? Explain.

Other Resisters to Desegregation Lester Maddox (1964) George Wallace (1963) Southern Democrats Restaurant-owner who rose to national attention when he wielded an axe handle at African Americans seeking to enter his “whites-only” restaurant. He ran for governor of Georgia and won. He received national attention when he stood at the door to the University of Alabama in a symbolic attempt to prevent two African-American students from enrolling at the school. “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!” Through the 1950s and 1960s, Southern Democrats in Congress banded together to sign the Southern Manifesto- encouraged southern states to ignore Brown v. Board of Educ. George Wallace= Governor of Alabama, Univ. of Alabama

1961- Sit-Ins Sit-Ins Challenges: Successes:   Successes: Four African American college students walked up to a whites-only lunch counter at the local WOOLWORTH'S store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and asked for coffee. When service was refused, the students sat patiently. Despite threats and intimidation, the students sat quietly and waited to be served.   SIT-IN organizers believed that if the violence were only on the part of the white community, the world would see the righteousness of their cause. Before the end of the school year, over 1500 black demonstrators were arrested. But their sacrifice brought results. Slowly, but surely, restaurants throughout the South began to abandon their policies of segregation.

1961- Freedom Rides Woolworth's Sit-ins & Freedom Riders- VIDEO To challenge laws mandating segregated interstate transportation, busloads of integrated black and white students rode through the South. The first freedom riders left Washington, D.C., in May 1961 en route to New Orleans. Several participants were arrested in bus stations. When the buses reached Anniston, Alabama, an angry mob slashed the tires on one bus and set it aflame. The riders on the other bus were violently attacked, and the freedom riders had to complete their journey by plane.   New ATTORNEY GENERAL ROBERT KENNEDY ordered federal marshals to protect future freedom rides. Bowing to political and public pressure the INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION soon banned segregation on interstate travel. Progress was slow indeed, but the wall between the races was gradually being eroded. Freedom Rides: Challenges: Successes: