Quick Write How did segregation, discrimination and the murder of Emmett Till prevent African Americans from living free lives?

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 - 1968

Ch.16 Overview Section 1 - The Movement Begins - After WWII, supporters of civil rights began challenging segregation in the U.S. using bus boycotts, sit-ins and supreme court decisions to begin overturning segregating in the south. Section 2 - Challenging Segregation - African American citizens and white supporters created organizations that directed protests, (Jessie Jackson, Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King) targeted specific inequalities that attracted the attention of the mass media and the government. Section 3 - New Issues - In the 1960’s, African Americans became frustrated with the civil rights struggle and called on certain groups for stronger actions e.g. Malcolm X and the Black Panthers. In addition, civil rights leaders began to understand that merely winning political rights for African Americans would not address the economic problems they were facing too. Many African Americans leaders began to focus on improving their social and economic conditions too.

Civil Rights Movement Begins Chapter 16 - Section 1 1954 - 1968

Overview Over the years, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had won several court victories against segregation. African Americans also begin to gain political power. Realizing their growing political strength, more African Americans began to challenge segregation through court cases and protests. African Americans churches were instrumental in encouraging the civil rights movement, with ministers taking on leadership roles. President Eisenhower favored “Gradual” desegregation, he did not support the protests or court challenges, and he sent federal troops to Arkansas to uphold court rulings. The ensuing violence convinced Eisenhower and many members of Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957

Origins of Movement 1896 - Plessy v. Ferguson established “Separate but Equal” doctrine Segregating African Americans and whites was legal as long as facilities are “Equal” “Separate but Equal” was not challenged until 1955

Jim Crow Laws Segregated - busses, trains, schools, restaurants, parks, swimming pools etc. Other States - “De-Facto Segregation” - allowed other states to segregate by custom or tradition

NAACP Civil Rights movement had been building since 1909 - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Fought to overturn segregation Supreme Court victories - 1935 - Norris v. Alabama = overturned exclusion of African Am. from juries 1946 - Morgan v. Virginia = Segregation on interstate busses illegal 1950 - Sweatt v. Painter = State law schools had to admit qualified African Americans

New Political Power African Americans were gaining Political power African Americans who moved North during the Great Migration gained voting rights Northern politicians sought their votes / listen to their concerns Most began to support the democratic party, (Remember JFK helping MLK?) giving it strength in the north

Push for Desegregation 1942 - James Farmer & George Houser founded C.O.R.E. C.O.R.E- Congress of Racial Equality - conducted “Sit-ins” go to segregated diners, and if denied service, they would sit down & not leave intended to shame manager, restaurant & owner Results = many restaurants, theaters, became integrated in Chicago, Detroit, Denver

Brown v. Board of Education Thurgood Marshall - lawyer (Chief Council for NAACP)- fought to integrate schools Marshall wanted to overturn “Plessy v. Ferguson - (Separate but Equal) Linda Brown - denied access to neighborhood school - required to go across town Sued the school - (Brown v. Board of Education) Supreme Court ruled in her favor Violated 14th Amendment (equal protection clause)- separate education facilities are NOT equal

Southern Manifesto B. v. B. Angered whites - became more determined to defend segregation Southern Senators pushed for “Massive Resistance” pressured people to defy S.C. rulings- Many Counties created “Pupil Assignment Laws” to keep Af. Am. out of schools 1956 - 101 Southern Congress men signed Manifesto stating the S.C. ruling was “Clear Abuse of Power” Had NO legal standing

Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks - challenged segregation by sitting in the white section of a bus- arrested MLK - leader of Protests livepage.apple.com non-violent protest - stop riding buses - carpool/walk boycotted for over a year S.C. - ruled segregation of busses to be unconstitutional

Martin Luther King jr. Baptist Preacher / PhD in Theology - Boston University Believed only way to end segregation was through “Non-Violent Protests” MLK - Drew on ideas of Ghandi – Peaceful protests Win people over with love not violence

S.C.L.C. SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference Established by MLK after bus boycott Set out to eliminate segregation form American society Challenged segregation at voting booths, in public transportation, housing, and public accommodations Encourage African Americans to vote Dr. King served as first President

Crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas Little Rock School Board allowed 9 children to attend an all white school Gov. Faubus ordered National Guard to stop the 9 from entering the school Angry White Mob & troopers surrounded school Intimidate students from entering school

Little Rock Nine First challenge to the Constitution since the Civil War! (opposed authority of Federal Government) Eisenhower tried to negotiate w/ Gov. Faubus Gov. Faubus pulled troops - turned protest over to a few police officers Once students entered the school the mob attacked

Little Rock Nine Police had to escort the 9 to safety Eisenhower sent 1000 - 101st airborne to protect school & the 9 students The nine attended school that day National Guard escorted each student to every class

Eisenhower & Civil Rights Sympathized with activists Felt segregation would end over time - not thru laws Believed B. v. B. decision was wrong - but had to uphold decision First President to send troops to protect Constitutional Rights since Lincoln

New Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1957 Protect Af.Am. right to vote Act created a civil rights division in fed. govt Seek punishment for anyone trying to interfere with Af. Am. right to vote

Questions???

P. 747- Q’s 3,4,5,6