Lecture Slides Elementary Statistics Eleventh Edition and the Triola Statistics Series by Mario F. Triola

Chapter 15 Projects, Procedures, Perspectives

Section 15-1 Projects

Key Concept This section includes suggestions for a final project in the introductory statistics course. One fantastic advantage of this course is that it deals with skills and concepts that can be applied immediately to the real world. After only one semester, students are able to conduct their own studies. page 742 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition Suggestions for successful projects are given in the margin of page 758

Projects Group/Individual Oral Report Topics can be assigned to individuals, but group projects are particularly effective because they help develop the interpersonal skills that are so necessary in today’s working environment. Oral Report A 10- to 15-minute-long class presentation should involve all group members in a coordinated effort to clearly describe the important components of the study. page 742 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Projects Written Report A brief written report should include the following: 1. List of data collected along with description of how the data were obtained. 2. Description of the method of analysis. 3. Relevant graphs and/or statistics, including STATDISK, Minitab, Excel, or TI-83/84 displays. 4. Statement of conclusions. 5. Reasons why the results might not be correct, along with a description of ways in which the study could be improved, given sufficient time and money. page 742 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Projects Large Classes or Online Classes: Posters or PowerPoint Some classes are too large for individual projects or group projects with three or four or five students per group. Some online classes are not able to meet as a group. For such cases, reports of individual or small group projects can be presented through posters or PowerPoint presentations. Project Topics The “Cooperative Group Activities” listed near the end of each chapter include more than 100 suggestions for projects. page 742-743 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Projects Surveys can be an excellent source of data. When people “randomly” select digits (as in Question 2), are the results actually random? Do the last four digits of social security numbers appear to be random? Do males and females carry different amounts of change? Do males and females have different numbers of credit cards? Is there a difference in pulse rates between those who exercise and those who do not? page 743 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Projects Surveys can be an excellent source of data. Is there a difference in pulse rates between those who smoke and those who do not? Is there a relationship between exercise and smoking? Is there a relationship between eye color and exercise? Is there a relationship between exercise and the number of hours worked each week? Is there a correlation between height and pulse rate? page 743 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Section 15-2 Procedures page 744 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Key Concept This section describes a general procedure for conducting a statistical analysis of data. page 744 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Procedures Context, Source, Sampling Method Instead of mindlessly plugging data into some particular statistical procedure, we should begin with some basic considerations, including these: 1. Clearly identify the context of the data. 2. Consider the source of the data and determine whether that source presents any issues of bias that might affect the validity of the data. 3. Consider the sampling method to ensure that it is the type of sampling likely to result in data that are representative of the population. Be especially wary of voluntary-response samples. page 744 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Procedures Exploring, Comparing, Describing After collecting data, address the following: 1. Center: Find the mean and median. 2. Variation: Find the range and standard deviation. 3. Distribution: Construct a histogram and a normal quantile plot. 4. Outliers: Identify any sample values that lie very far away from the vast majority of the others. 5. Time: Determine if the population is stable or if its characteristics are changing over time. page 744 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Procedures Inferences: Estimating Parameters and Hypothesis Testing Here are some key questions that should be answered: What is the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) of the data? Does the study involve one, two, or more populations? What is the relevant parameter (mean, standard deviation, proportion)? Is the population standard deviation known? Is there reason to believe that the population is normally distributed? What is the basic question or issue to address? page 744 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations One Population Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Two Populations More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Two Populations More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-5 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) Hypothesis Testing: 8-6 page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-5 One Population 13-2 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) Two Populations Hypothesis Testing: 8-6 More than Two Populations 13-5 page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-5 One Population 13-2 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) Independent: 13-4 Two Populations Hypothesis Testing: 8-6 Matched Pairs: 13-3 More than Two Populations 13-5 page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories)

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-5 One Population 13-2 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) Independent: 13-4 Two Populations Hypothesis Testing: 8-6 Matched Pairs: 13-3 More than Two Populations 13-5 page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories) Frequency Counts for Categories Proportions

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-5 One Population 13-2 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) Independent: 13-4 Two Populations Hypothesis Testing: 8-6 Matched Pairs: 13-3 More than Two Populations 13-5 Multinomial (one row) 11-2 page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories) Frequency Counts for Categories Contingency Table (multiple rows, columns) 11-3 Proportions

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-5 One Population 13-2 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) Independent: 13-4 Two Populations Hypothesis Testing: 8-6 Matched Pairs: 13-3 More than Two Populations 13-5 Multinomial (one row) 11-2 page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories) Frequency Counts for Categories Contingency Table (multiple rows, columns) 11-3 Two Populations: 9-2 Proportions One Population

FIGURE 15-1 Selecting the Appropriate Procedure Level of Measurement Number of Populations Claim or Parameter Inference Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-3, 7-4 Mean One Population Variance Interval or Ratio (such as heights, weights) Hypothesis Testing with Large Sample: 8-4, 8-5 Two Populations Means: 9-3, 9-4 More than Two Populations Chap. 12, 13-5 Variances: 9-5 Correlation, Regression Chap. 10, 13-6 Estimating with Confidence Interval: 7-5 One Population 13-2 What is the level of measurement of the data? 1-2 Ordinal (such as data consisting of ranks) Independent: 13-4 Two Populations Hypothesis Testing: 8-6 Matched Pairs: 13-3 More than Two Populations 13-5 Multinomial (one row) 11-2 page 764 of Elementary Statistics, 10th Edition Nominal (data consisting of proportions or frequency counts for different categories) Frequency Counts for Categories Contingency Table (multiple rows, columns) 11-3 Estimating Proportion with Confidence Interval: 7-2 Two Populations: 9-2 Hypothesis Testing: 8-3, 13-2 Proportions One Population

Procedures Conclusions and Practical Implications After completing the statistical analysis: we should state conclusions in a way that is clear to those unfamiliar with statistics and its terminology we should carefully avoid making statements not justified by the statistical analysis (such as using a correlation to conclude that one variable is the cause of the other) we should identify practical implications of the results page 744 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Section 15-3 Perspectives

Key Concept No single introductory statistics course can transform anyone into an expert statistician. Know that professional help is available from expert statisticians, and this introductory statistics course will help you in discussions with one of these experts. page 745 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Perspective Successful completion of an introductory statistics course results in benefits far beyond the attainment of credit toward a college degree. Improved job marketability Ability to critically analyze reports in media and journals Understanding of the basic concepts of probability and chance Know to consider context, source and sampling methods page 745 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Perspective Know to investigate measures of center (mean and median), variation (range and standard deviation), distribution (frequency distribution or graph), presence of outliers, whether the population is table or changing over time Know and understand importance of estimating population parameters (mean, standard deviation, and proportion) as well as testing claims about population parameters page 745-746 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition

Perspective Remember that expert ability in analyzing statistics is of little value if good sampling techniques are not employed to develop the sample. Although computers and calculators are good at yielding results, careful interpretation of the results are required. Successful completion of an introductory statistics course can enable students to grow as individuals and professionals and become people who are truly educated. page 746 of Elementary Statistics, 11th Edition