Complete Workbook pg. 145

Ch. 21: A Dividing Nation

The Country Welcomes War (Textbook pg. 284) 1) What do you see in each picture? Which picture represents people in the North? Which picture represents people in the South? What are both sides preparing to do? How does each side feel about the coming war?

The North

The South

What do you see here. What does the flag represent What do you see here? What does the flag represent? What are the people on the left doing to the flag? What do these people represent? What is the person on the right doing to the flag? What does this person represent?

This picture illustrates the situation leading up to the Civil War This picture illustrates the situation leading up to the Civil War. The U.S. flag represents the country. The people on the left tearing the flag apart represent northerners and southerners who are dividing the country over the issue of slavery. The man on the right sewing the flag represents the U.S. government which is trying to mend the damage done to the country by the conflict.

Budget Vocabulary Matrix text: A Dividing Nation (Ch. 21) Word Definition Related Words Sentence Visual Debate A discussion on an issue in which different views are argued Opposition Opposing something that you disagree or disapprove of A person who flees or tries to escape (for example, from slavery) The U.S. as one country, united under a single government The act of withdrawing from an organization or alliance, such as the withdrawal of the southern states from the Union

Introduction When Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, he faced a divided nation. The nation was divided over the issue of slavery. The northern states (the North) opposed slavery having abolished it decades earlier. The southern states (the South) favored slavery because their cotton-based economy depended upon it.

The question was, could the nation continue half-slave and half-free? For decades, many Americans had avoided dealing with that question, hoping that slavery would just die out on its own over time. However, when slavery began to expand into new territories out west, the question could no longer be ignored.

Between 1820 and 1860, Americans created several compromises on the issue of slavery in an attempt to please both sides. However, each compromise created new problems and new divisions within the country. In this chapter, you will learn how Americans tried to keep the U.S. united despite their deep divisions over slavery and how their failure to do so led to our nation’s Civil War.

How many free states are there? How many slave states? Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union, as a slave state. Why might that cause a problem?

Pg. 146

Confronting the Issue of Slavery The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established a process for forming new states out west. It also banned slavery north of the Ohio River. As a result, those states that formed north of the river (Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois) were free states. Those states that formed south of the river (Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Mississippi) were slave states. Confronting the Issue of Slavery

In 1819, Alabama and Missouri applied to Congress for statehood as slave states. Alabama was located far south of the Ohio River, so there was no question about admitting it as a slave state. However, most of Missouri lay north of the point where the Ohio River flows into the Mississippi and all the states east of that point had banned slavery. Therefore, shouldn’t it be a free state?

there would be more slave states than free states in the Senate. Pg. 146 it was in the North and it would upset the balance of free and slave states in the Senate. there would be more slave states than free states in the Senate.

The Tallmadge Amendment When the bill to make Missouri a state came before Congress, Representative James Tallmadge of New York proposed an amendment that Missouri could join the Union, but only as a free state. Southerners in Congress protested. According to the theory of states’ rights favored by many southerners, Congress had no power to impose its will on a state, old or new. Instead, the people of each state should decide whether to permit slavery. The Tallmadge Amendment

Reaction from the South Southerners believed that if Congress was allowed to end slavery in Missouri, then it might try to end slavery elsewhere. The North already had more votes in the House of Representatives than the South. Only in the Senate did the two sections have equal voting power, because there were an equal number of slave and free states. If Missouri joined as a free state, it would tip the balance in favor of the free states.

Reaction from the North The Tallmadge Amendment also served to awaken strong feelings against slavery in the North. Many towns in the North sent petitions to Congress, condemning slavery as immoral and unconstitutional. The House voted to approve the Tallmadge Amendment, but in the Senate, southerners were able to defeat it. Congress remained deadlocked as the 1819 session of Congress drew to a close.

Pg. 146 it would stop the spread of slavery into the Louisiana Territory. if Missouri were admitted as a free state, the North would have the votes in Congress to end slavery.

Group Work You and your partner must both agree upon the compromise. Work with your partner to develop a compromise. In developing your compromise, find the best way to protect your side’s interests without escalating (increasing) the tensions. You and your partner must both agree upon the compromise. Once agreed upon, write down your compromise under Part 2 on pg. 146.

The Missouri Compromise Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky created a compromise. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Congress drew an imaginary line across the Louisiana Territory at latitude 36o 30’. North of this line, slavery was to be banned. South of this line, slavery was permitted.

Reactions to the Compromise In the North, congressmen who voted to accept Missouri as a slave state were called traitors. In the South, slaveholders resented the ban on slavery in part of the Louisiana Territory. Traitor!

- Missouri entered the Union as a slave state - Missouri entered the Union as a slave state. - Maine entered the Union as a free state. - Congress drew a line at 36o30’ across the Louisiana Territory. Slavery was permitted south of that line and prohibited north of it.

How many slave states are there? How many free states? In which territories is the question of slavery still undecided? When California seeks admission, do you think it will ask to be a slave state or a free state?

The Missouri Compromise Unravels The Second Great Awakening of the 1820s and 1830s would renew the abolitionist cause. As you read in chapter 18, leaders of the religious revival in America, known as the Second Great Awakening, promised that God would grant salvation to those who did good works (helping others). For some Americans, a good work was the abolition of slavery. The Missouri Compromise Unravels

The “Gag” Rule During the 1830s, abolitionists flooded Congress with anti-slavery petitions – many wanted to stop slavery in Washington, D.C. Rather than revisit the heated issue of slavery yet again, Congress voted in 1836 to set aside all anti-slavery petitions. Outraged abolitionists called this action the “gag rule,” because it gagged (silenced) all congressional debate over slavery.

they wanted Congress to outlaw slavery in the nation’s capital. the South wanted no limitations placed on slavery.

Southern Fears Despite the refusal of Congress to debate slavery, abolitionists continued to attack it in books, in newspapers, and at public meetings. Southerners resented these attacks, viewing them as an assault on their way of life. That resentment turned to fear after Nat Turner’s bloody slave rebellion in 1831, which killed 57 white southerners.

Southern Fears This fear led southern states to adopt strict new laws to control the movement of slaves. Many states also tried to keep abolitionist writings from reaching slaves. Mississippi offered a $5,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of any person “who shall utter, publish, or circulate” abolitionist ideas.

Fugitive Slaves At the same time, slaves continued to run away to freedom in the North. These fugitive slaves were often helped by sympathetic people in the North. To slaveholders, the northerners who helped the fugitive slaves were no better than bank robbers, because a good slave was a valuable piece of property. Slaveholders demanded that Congress pass a fugitive slave law to help them recapture their property.

they felt slavery was wrong. they felt a runaway slave was lost property.

Wilmot Proviso In 1846, President James Polk sent a bill to Congress asking for funds for the war with Mexico. Pennsylvania representative David Wilmot added an amendment to the bill known as the Wilmot Proviso. It stated that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in any part of the territory that might be acquired from Mexico. Southerners in Congress strongly opposed Wilmot’s amendment and it was rejected.

The Mexican Cession

The Mexican Cession For the next three years, Congress debated what to do about slavery in the territory gained from Mexico (the Mexican Cession). Southerners wanted all of it to be open to slavery, while northerners wanted all of it closed. As a compromise, southerners proposed a bill that would extend the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific. Slavery would be banned north of that line and allowed south of it.

They felt Congress had no right to tell slaveholders where they could take their property. they wanted to prevent the expansion of slavery into territories.

Statehood for California In 1849, California applied for admission to the Union as a free state. Northerners welcomed California’s admission, but southerners opposed it because it would upset the equal balance between slave and free states. The year ended with Congress deadlocked over California’s request for statehood.

it would create more free states than slave states in Congress. it would make the slave states a minority in Congress.

Group Work You and your partner must both agree upon the compromise. Work with your partner to develop a compromise. In developing your compromise, find the best way to protect your side’s interests without escalating (increasing) the tensions. You and your partner must both agree upon the compromise. Once agreed upon, write down your compromise under Part 2 on pg. 147.

The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay, the creator of the Missouri Compromise, would also craft the Compromise of 1850, which would settle the issue of California. The compromise had four parts: Under the compromise, California was admitted to the Union as a free state. New Mexico and Utah would be organized as territories open to slavery. Clay’s plan ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C. A fugitive slave law would be passed, making it easier to find and reclaim runaway slaves in the North.

- California was admitted as a free state - California was admitted as a free state. - New Mexico and Utah were organized as territories open to slavery. - The slave trade was ended in Washington, D.C. - A strong fugitive slave law was passed.