Intelligence Psychology 1107 11/17/2018.

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Presentation transcript:

Intelligence Psychology 1107 11/17/2018

Intelligence Do we all have some in born intellectual capacity, or does our environment shape our intelligence? Huge issue Perhaps a waste of time 11/17/2018

A Little History Galton Darwin’s cousin Started eugenics ‘Hereditary genius’ Found that genius ran in families Never occurred to him that rich families had rich environments! 11/17/2018

More Galton Tested and measured various qualities Set up booths, got people to pay to be measured! Found little But, RT does correlate with IQ 11/17/2018

Binet Wanted to spot kids that needed special attention in school Well, you have to measure intelligence then Along with Simon, he assumed we all follow the same path, but some kids were slower than others 11/17/2018

Binet and Simon Not that simon…. Anyway, they measured mental age Mental aptitude should show up in many ways Found questions that predicted achievement 11/17/2018

Terman Stanford-Binet IQ = (Mental age / chronological age) Doesn’t work for adults Believed IQ was inherited Racist? Terman’s Termites 11/17/2018

What actually is intelligence? To study something we must know how to measure it ‘I know what it means’ is not good enough ‘Goal directed adaptive behaviour?’ General agreement, but….. Culture Many abilities or one Can you measure it neurologically? 11/17/2018

Culture Is intelligence the same here as anywhere? Some say no and believe a culture free intelligence test is impossible Others believe that general problem solving ability is culture free Abstract, novel questions Digit spam, stuff like that 11/17/2018

General or specific abilities Me words together put bad paper on and spel not good However, I am good at other stuff Maybe find out how different abilities are related to each other Best way to do this is by collecting a ton of data and analyzing it using fancy statistical techniques 11/17/2018

Factor analysis Statistical technique Find out what goes with what Spearman thought there was also a general factor that underlies specific abilities g There may be something to this 11/17/2018

Abilities g and everything So there is something to g Hmmm What about say brain injuries Or savants? Well, intelligence is mental ability What does being able to count the number of toothpicks from a box have to do with it? Indeed, the mental and physical seem to go together Forrest Gump was just a story 11/17/2018

More abilities, more factors, more names Sternberg et al talk about 3 types of intelligence Academic School, IQ tests etc Practical Everyday, ill defined tasks Creative Novel situations 11/17/2018

Emotional or social intelligence You know, like getting along with others Understanding Regulating emotions No mild mood swings, that sort of thing Hmm, umm, well, errr Jury is still out 11/17/2018

Neurological measurement of brain size Crazy as it sounds, there may be something to this Brain is altered due to experience Pretty crude measure though 11/17/2018

Brain function May be more telling PET scans show that good scores on cognitive tasks relate to LESS glucose uptake Higher IQ, faster perceptual processing Related to brain function Why should this have anything at all to do with complex tasks? Get more stuff in? We are still pretty far awy (?) best bet is still paper and pencil tests 11/17/2018

Assessing Intelligence Have to operationally define intelligence So, Intelligence is your score on an IQ test Aptitude tests predict ability to learn new skill Achievement tests reflect stuff already learned Most good IQ tests do both 11/17/2018

Modern IQ tests Wechsler adult Intelligence Scale is pretty common WAIS WISC too 2 scores, verbal and performance, should be close Modern tests are standardized If you answer the same number of questions correct as the average person, you are given a score of 100 11/17/2018

A little bit of statistics 11/17/2018

Just a bit of scary math type stuff So, IQ is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 They (the tests) are constructed that way Test must be reliable and valid Reliability -> stable measurement Test retest Split half Validity -> measure what it is supposed to Predictive Face Criterion related 11/17/2018

More testing stuff Aptitude tests lose some predictive ability as time goes by Truncated sample Reliability and validity are measure using a correlation coefficient -1.00 <= r <= +1.00 Sign indicates direction Size indicated by absolute value 11/17/2018

The extremes of intelligence The ‘challenged’ IQ < 70 and cannot live independently Most of these folks can, with some training, hold down jobs etc Down’s syndrome is a big cause Extra chromosome Various levels of retardation Not violent Not communicable! 11/17/2018

The extremes The ‘gifted’ Terman’s Termites again IQ > 150 Better at everything Still, really extreme may MAY have problems Should the gifted be tracked? 11/17/2018

Creativity What is it? How do you measure it Dunno How do you measure it Ummm not sure Does it correlate with IQ? Maybe…. 11/17/2018

Genetics and environment Just because something is genetic does not make it unchangeable If something is genetic it is niether right nor wrong Genetics do play a role in IQ Identical twins have the same IQ, indeed, they look like the same person has taken the test! 11/17/2018

Genetics Even twins raised apart have the same IQ Adopted kids’ IQs do not correlate with their parents’! Heritability of IQ is about .50 Environmental effects are there too However, you cannot teach someone something that is beyond them 11/17/2018

Group differences No doubt they exist Remember, GROUPS not individuals Remember, individual variation greater than group Looks aren’t everything Sex differences too spatial/math Verbal ability Emotion detection bias 11/17/2018