Biological Classification: The science of taxonomy Traditional and Molecular Aspects

The Taxonomic Hierarchy Species are grouped into categories. Categories are grouped into larger categories. Smallest universally-agreed category is species. (Subspecies are designated in some cases, but the definition of such categories is vague.) See Fig. 23.11 in text and know categories.

Basis for Classifications Artificial: Decide on a key character in advance and classify based on it. (For example, number of legs, number of stamens) Natural: Classify based on overall similarity in many characters. (Statistical clustering) Phylogenetic: Classification should represent evolutionary relatedness. “Phylogeny” = Evolutionary history

Phylogenetic classification All groups should be monophyletic, i.e. should be descended from a single common ancestor and include all the descendants of that ancestor. Avoid polyphyletic groups (2 unrelated ancestors) Avoid paraphyletic groups (one ancestor, but excluding some of the descendants of that ancestor.

Constructing phylogenies Phylogeny can be inferred from similarity in derived characters. Shared primitive characters are less useful, because they represent lack of evolution. Recall lab on classification.

Molecular taxonomy and evolution Information in biological molecules can be used as taxonomic characteristics. Amino acid sequences of protein Nucleotide sequences of DNA Other characteristics like protein molecular weight or DNA fragment length The more closely related two organisms are, the more similar their DNA and protein will be. Can construct a similarity matrix using molecular data like you did for morphological traits.

Many sequence variations are neutral Redundancy of genetic code; different codons specify same amino acid. Sometimes different amino acids don’t affect structure or function of protein. but most importantly Much of the DNA is never transcribed or translated.

Neutral molecular variation is a very useful thing to study Similarities in selectively important characteristics can be analogies, but similarities in neutral characters are more likely to be homologies. Mutation happens at a fairly regular rate, so sequence divergence provides a molecular clock, allowing us to estimate how long ago two lineages diverged.

Studies of molecular evolution can also tell us about the way the molecules themselves work. Globin gene family

Figure 24.7 A Globin Gene Tree Ancestor myoglobin-like molecule Myoglobin Alpha chains Zeta chain Epsilon chain Gamma chains Delta chain Beta chain _ _ PC C O S D C P T J K T R 600 543 500 440 409 354 290 245 206 144 65 Q