Cardiovascular System: Heart General Physiology Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Department Misericordia University

Heart as a Dual Pump Cardiac muscle arranged as whorls that squeeze the blood Twin pumps: systemic and pulmonary Four chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Cardiac Muscle Depolarization

Depolarization and Tension

Fig. 12.17 Allows for Ca++ plateau 12.17.jpg

Heart: Internal Anatomy

Cardiac Cycle (mechanical action) Semilunar valves opened Semilunar valves closed AV valves closed AV valves closed Systole: Period of isovolumic contraction. Systole: Period of ejection. Systole: Period of isovolumic contraction. Ventricular contraction causes the AV valves to close, which is the beginning of ventricular systole. The semilunar valves were closed in the previous diastole and remain closed during this period.

Systole: Period of ejection. Systole: Period of ejection. Continued ventricular contraction pushes blood out of the ventricles, causing the semilunar valves to open. Semilunar valves opened AV valves closed Systole: Period of ejection. Semilunar valves closed AV valves closed Diastole: Period of isovolumic relaxation.

Semilunar valves closed AV valves closed Semilunar valves closed Diastole: Period of isovolumic relaxation. Diastole: Period of isovolumic relaxation. Blood flowing back toward the relaxed ventricles causes the semilunar valves to close, which is the beginning of ventricular diastole. Note that the AV valves closed, also. AV valves opened Diastole: Passive ventricular filling.

Diastole: Passive ventricular filling Diastole: Passive ventricular filling. The AV valves open and blood flows into the relaxed ventricles, accounting for most of the ventricular filling. Semilunar valves closed AV valves opened Diastole: Active ventricular filling. Semilunar valves closed AV valves opened Diastole: Passive ventricular filling.

Semilunar valves closed AV valves closed Systole: Period of isovolumic contraction. Semilunar valves closed AV valves opened Diastole: Active ventricular filling. The atria contract and complete ventricular filling. Diastole: Active ventricular filling.

Conduction System of Heart 1. Action potentials originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node and travel across the wall of the atrium (arrows) from the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node. Sinoatrial (SA) node Left atrium Atrioventricular (AV) node 1 2. Action potentials pass through the AV node and along the atrioventricular (AV) bundle, which extends from the AV node, through the fibrous skeleton, into the interventricular septum. 2 Atrioventricular (AV) bundle 3. The AV bundle divides into right and left bundle branches, and action potentials descend to the apex of each ventricle along the bundle branches. Left ventricle 3 Purkinje fibers Left and Right bundle branches 4 4. Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls. Apex

Pacemaker Potential

Control of Pacemaker 12.23.jpg

ECG Correlates Electrical Events 12.11.jpg

Normal ECG

ECG Leads 12.15a.jpg Einthoven’s Triangle

ECG Normal Sinus Rhythm Junctional Rhythm (AV node rhythm)

Second Degree Heart Block Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib)

Fig. 12.16 12.16.jpg

Heart Sounds “Lub-dub” Sound associated with valve closing producing turbulent blood flow

12.22.jpg

Cardiac Cycle

(ml/min)

Factors Affecting SV Stroke Volume (SV) = End Diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume SV = EDV – ESV (ml/beat) EDV affected by: Venous return which is dependent on venous tone, skeletal muscle pumps, etc. ESV As the heart fills it is stretched which allows for better overlap of the contractile proteins which will affect the force of contraction and the ESV (Starling’s Law of the Heart) Increasing the force of contraction at any EDV will decrease the ESV and increase the SV (sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine)

EDV is affected by Venous Return 12.25.jpg

At any EDV, increased force of contraction will increase SV 12.26.jpg

As the heart fills, the muscle is stretched allowing for better overlap of contractile proteins which increases force of contraction (↓ESV)

Sympathetic Stimulation Leads to increase HR Increases in Ca++ release from SR, increase Ca++ through membrane and increase myosin crossbridge cycling Increases force of contraction

Heart Rate Control Sinus Rhythm = normal SA node control Autonomic Activity Sympathetic = accelerator (tachycardia) Parasympathetic = brake (bradycardia) Hormones epinephrine Drugs -caffeine, nicotine, atropine, etc.

Summary ↑ stretch ↑ Contraction Strength 12.28.jpg

CV Effects during Exercise

Exercise Benefits Heart’s maximums are increased Effort is decreased

Fig. 12.07 12.07.jpg

12.09.jpg