Cell Specialization

How do we get different types of cells? First, you need to understand that every cell has the exact same DNA in it. All cells start off as a stem cell. A stem cell cell is undifferentiated and unspecialized. It has limitless potential! Then, in your cells certain pieces of DNA are turned on (work) and other pieces are turned off (don’t work).

Cell Differentiation When the DNA is turned on, it triggers the cell to change shape and gain certain cell parts (organelles). This will help it carry out its job. This is called cell differentiation. The cell physically becomes different! Example: A sperm cell gains a flagella for movement and lots of mitochondria for energy.

Cell Specialization Once a cell has certain structure and has a specific shape, it’s going to now carry out a specific job or function. This is what is called cell specialization. Example: A sperm cell has a flagella, and can now move & fertilize the egg cell. Differentiation= Different structures Specialization= Job/Function Question: Can unicellular organisms have cell specialization?

Red Blood Cell (RBC) Specialization: Carry oxygen through the blood (transport). Differentiation: Contain the protein hemoglobin and have a bowl shape to increase surface area to carry more oxygen. No nucleus since they do not divide.

Muscle Cell Specialization: Contract to pull and release bones for movement. Differentiation: Have lots of mitochondria to produce lots of energy (ATP).

Xylem and Phloem Specialization: Carry food (phloem) and water (xylem) through a plant. Differentiation: Composed of narrow tubular cells.

Guard Cells (Stomata) Specialization: Gas exchange in plants (CO2 in and O2out) Differentiation: Have chloroplast that detect light and can open and close depending on if there is light.

Nerve Cell Specialization: Conduct electrical impulses for communication. Differentiation: Have a high concentration of salt to conduct electrical impulses. Long and thin to cover greater distance.