VI. How do States Spatially Organize their Governments?

Internal Structure 1. The needs of a well-functioning state a) Clearly bounded territory served by an adequate infrastructure b) Effective administrative framework, a productive core area, and a prominent capital 2. All states confront divisive forces

Forms of Government These two forms promote nation-building and attempt to quell division within… Unitary – highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power. Examples-monarchies, autocracies, theocracies, parliamentary, communist, dictatorships Unitary governments can still be democratic as well. Federal – a government where the state is organized into territories (sub- states), which have control over some government policies and funds. Examples-democracies or any country with sub-states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany, Argentina)

Unitary and Federal Systems 1.Early European nation-states were unitary states: a)Governments were highly centralized and powerful b)Capital cities represented authority that stretched to the limits of the state

Unitary and Federal Systems The federal state arose in the New World a) Newness of the culture, and emergence of regionalism due to the vast size of territories b) Conditions did not lend themselves to unitary systems of government c) Absence of an old primate city, lack of core area

Nigeria’s Federal Government – Allows states within the state to determine whether to have Shari’a Laws Shari’a Law- Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws Issues with Shari’a Law now found in Europe with Muslim immigrants (France)

The U.S. Federal Government – Allows states (sub-states) within the state to determine “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, concealed weapons and now drug use? Minnesota’s concealed weapons law requires the posting of signs such as this buildings that do not allow concealed weapons. Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado in 2012, despite marijuana use and distribution being a Schedule 1 drug under CSA.

Big vs. Small and Government Systems Usually bigger states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany) have federal systems Usually smaller states (ie. Cuba, Djibouti, Israel, Peru) have unitary systems

Forces of Fragmentation and Cohesion: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

Centripetal Forces Promoting State Cohesion Nationalism Unifying Institutions Organization and Administration Transportation and Communication Supranationalism

Centrifugal Forces Challenges to State Authority Less Nationalism Devolution, Regionalism Peripheral Location Social and Economic Inequality

Devolution – Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state. What causes devolutionary movements? Ex. Ethnocultural forces Economic forces Spatial forces

Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements Eastern Europe devolutionary forces since the fall of communism Ex. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

Economic Devolutionary Movements Catalonia, Spain Barcelona, located in Catalonia, is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain. It produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% of its industrial exports.

Spatial Devolutionary Movements Honolulu, Hawai’i A history apart from the United States, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive.

Supranational Organizations A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. * How many supranational organizations exist in the world today? At least 60

United Nations Basics of the UN: Background: League of Nations – 1919, idea of Woodrow Wilson but, due to isolationist Americans, U.S. never joined. League collapsed prior to WWII (Italian invasion of Ethiopia). Prior to WWII, states created the Permanent Court of International Justice. After WWII, states formed the United Nations… Basics of the UN: Cooperate with internationally approved standards 193 members Aid: refugees, poverty, troops in peacekeeping operations, human rights

Global Scale – The United Nations

NATO ALBANIA (2009) NETHERLANDS (1949) BELGIUM (1949) NORWAY (1949) BULGARIA (2004) POLAND (1999) CANADA (1949) PORTUGAL (1949) CROATIA (2009) ROMANIA (2004) CZECH REPUBLIC (1999) SLOVAKIA (2004) DENMARK (1949) SLOVENIA (2004) ESTONIA (2004) SPAIN (1982) FRANCE (1949) TURKEY (1952) GERMANY (1955) THE UNITED KINGDOM (1949) GREECE (1952) THE UNITED STATES (1949) HUNGARY (1999) ICELAND (1949) ITALY (1949) LATVIA (2004) LITHUANIA (2004) LUXEMBOURG (1949) 28 members who exist as one organization for the purpose of safeguarding freedom and security of its members through political and military means Political-promote democratic values and cooperation in order to prevent conflict Military-peaceful resolution of disputes If unable to resolve peacefully, a crisis-management operation is undertaken according to Article 5 of Washington Treaty (NATO foundation) http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm

Regional Scale - Europe Benelux, 1944: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Marshall Plan, 1948-’52: US aid to Western European Countries Organization of European Economic Cooperation, 1952 (OEEC) to European Economic Community (EEC) European Community (EC) European Union, 1992 (EU)

Regional Scale - Europe European Union: domestic, military, and certain sovereign policies that govern all members 12 European Community (EC) members established the EU – 1992 Euro introduced in 2002 Problems facing the EU? Bailouts to member countries Subsidies Germany bailouts What to do with Turkey? Russia? United Kingdom has left the organization-”Brexit” Who’s next to leave? GREECE POSSIBLY Original Members: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Denmark and Ireland

Regional Scale – The European Union (27 Current Members, Newest-Croatia)

Supranationalism Elsewhere… NAFTA, ASEAN… -Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate trade ***None like the European Union