Chapter: Weathering and Erosion Table of Contents Chapter: Weathering and Erosion Section 1: Weathering and Soil Formation Section 2: Erosion of Earth’s Surface

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Weathering Weathering is a mechanical or chemical surface process that breaks rocks into smaller pieces. Freezing and thawing, oxygen in the air, and even plants and animals can affect the stability of rock.

Mechanical Weathering Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing them chemically. The small pieces are identical in composition to the original rock. Two of the many causes of mechanical weathering are ice wedging and living organisms.

Ice Wedging 1 Water seeps into cracks. Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Ice Wedging Water seeps into cracks. The deeper the cracks are, the deeper water can seep in.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Ice Wedging The water freezes and expands, forcing the cracks to open further.

Ice Wedging 1 The ice melts. Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Ice Wedging The ice melts. If the temperature falls below freezing again, the process will repeat itself.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Plants and Animals Plant roots grow deep into cracks in rock where water collects. As they grow, roots become thicker and longer, slowly exerting pressure and wedging rock apart.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Plants and Animals Gophers and prairie dogs also weather rock—as do other animals that burrow in the ground. As they burrow through sediment or soft sedimentary rock, animals break rock apart.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering occurs when the chemical composition of rock changes. This kind of weathering is rapid in tropical regions where it's moist and warm most of the time.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Chemical Weathering The table summarizes the rates of chemical weathering for different climates.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Natural Acids Some rocks react chemically with natural acids in the environment. When water mixes with carbon dioxide in air or soil, for example, carbonic acids forms.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Natural Acids Although carbonic acid is weak, it reacts chemically with many rocks. When carbonic acid comes in contact with rocks like limestone, dolomite, and marble, they dissolve.

Plant Acids 1 Many plants produce a substance called tannin. Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Plant Acids Many plants produce a substance called tannin. In solution, tannin forms tannic acid. This acid dissolves some minerals in rocks. Moss growing on rocks can cause chemical weathering.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Effect of Oxygen Oxidation is the effect of chemical changes caused by oxygen. When iron-containing materials such as steel are oxidized, a chemical reaction causes the material to rust.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Effect of Oxygen When some iron-containing minerals are exposed to oxygen, they can weather to minerals that are like rust. This leaves the rock weakened, and it can break apart.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Soil Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that supports the growth plant life. Organic matter includes decomposed leaves, twigs, roots, and other material.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Parent Rock One factor affecting soil formation is the kind of parent rock that is being weather. For example, in areas where sandstone is weathered, sandy soil forms. Click image to view movie.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 The Slope of the Land The topography, or surface features, of an area also influence the types of soil that develop. On steep hillsides, soil has little chance of developing. This is because rock fragments move downhill constantly.

Climate 1 Climate affects the amount of organic material in soil. Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Climate Climate affects the amount of organic material in soil. Soils in desert climates contain little organic material. However, in warm, humid climates, vegetation is lush and much organic material is present.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Climate The result is the formation of a dark-colored material called humus. Most of the organic matter in soil is humus. Humus helps soil hold water and provides nutrients that plants need to grow.

Time 1 It can take thousands of years for some soil to form. Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Time It can take thousands of years for some soil to form. As soils develop, they become less like the rock from which they formed. Thicker, well-developed soils often are found in areas where weathering has gone on undisturbed for a long period of time.

Organisms 1 Organisms influence soil development. Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Organisms Organisms influence soil development. Lichens can grow directly on rock. As they grow, they take nutrients from the rock that they are starting to break down, forming a thin soil.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Organisms After a soil has formed, many types of plants such as grasses and trees can grow. The roots of these plants further break down the parent rock.

Weathering and Soil Formation 1 Organisms Dead plant material such as leaves accumulates and adds organic matter to the soil.

Question 1 Answer 1 Explain how a tree can break apart rock. Section Check 1 Question 1 Explain how a tree can break apart rock. Answer As the tree grows, its roots become thicker and longer. The roots exert pressure on the rocks eventually breaking them apart.

Section Check 1 Question 2 How is a rusty nail an example of chemical weathering? Answer When iron-containing materials, such as a nail, are exposed to oxygen, a chemical reaction occurs and rust is produced. The rust has a different chemical composition than the nail.

Question 3 1 Which of the following does NOT affect soil formation? Section Check 1 Question 3 Which of the following does NOT affect soil formation? A. climate B. carbonic acid C. organisms D. topography

Answer 1 The answer is B. Many factors affect soil Section Check 1 Answer The answer is B. Many factors affect soil formation. Carbonic acid is responsible for changing the chemical composition of minerals in rock.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Agents of Erosion Erosion is the wearing away and removal of rock or sediment. Erosion occurs because gravity, ice, wind, and water sculpt Earth's surface.

Gravity 2 Gravity pulls everything on Earth toward its center. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Gravity Gravity pulls everything on Earth toward its center. When gravity alone causes rock or sediment to move down a slope, the erosion is called mass movement. Mass movements can occur anywhere there are hills or mountains.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Creep The process in which sediments move slowly downhill, is called creep. Creep is common where freezing and thawing occur.

Creep 2 When soil freezes, particles are lifted. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Creep When soil freezes, particles are lifted. When it thaws, the particles are pulled downhill by gravity. Eventually, large amounts of sediment are moved by this process.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Slump A slump occurs when a mass of rock or sediment moves downhill, leaving a curved scar. Slumps frequently occur on slopes that have been undercut by erosion, such as those above the bases of cliffs that have been eroded by waves.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Rock Slides During a rock slide layers of rock break loose from slopes and slide to the bottom. The rock layers often bounce and break apart during movement. This produces a huge, jumbled pile of rocks at the bottom of the slope.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Mudflows A mudflow is a mass of wet sediment that flows downhill over the ground surface. Some mudflows can be thick and flow slowly downhill at rates of a few meters per day.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Mudflows Other mudflows can be much more fluid and move down slope at speeds approaching 160km/h.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Ice When the ice in a glacier becomes thick enough, its own weight causes it to flow downhill under the influence of gravity. A glaciers move over Earth's surface, they erode materials from some areas and deposit sediment in other areas.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Ice Continental glaciers in polar regions cover about ten percent of Earth. These glaciers are so large and thick that they can bury mountain ranges.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Ice Valley glaciers are much smaller and are located in high mountains where the average temperature isn't warm enough to melt the ice sheets.

Glacial Erosion 2 Glaciers can erode rock in two different ways. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Glacial Erosion Glaciers can erode rock in two different ways. Ice can pull out pieces of rock. This causes the rock to erode slowly. Loose pieces of rock freeze into the bottom of the glacier and are dragged along as the glacier moves.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Glacial Erosion This scratching is the second way that glaciers can erode rock. Scratching produces large grooves or smaller striations in the rock underneath. Click image to view movie.

Effects of Glacial Erosion Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Effects of Glacial Erosion In mountains, valley glaciers can remove rock from the mountaintops to form large bowls, called cirques (SURKS), and steep peaks. When a glacier moves into a stream valley, it erodes rock along the valley sides, producing a wider, U-shaped valley.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Glacial Deposition When stagnant glacier ice melts or when ice melts at the bottom of a flowing glacier or along its edges, the sediment the ice was carrying gets left behind on Earth's surface. This sediment, deposited directly from glacier ice, is called till.

Glacial Deposition 2 A lot of melting occurs around glaciers. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Glacial Deposition A lot of melting occurs around glaciers. So much water can be produced that streams often flow away from the glacier. These steams carry and deposit sediment. Sand and gravel deposits laid down by these streams are called outwash.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Wind When wind blows across loose sediments like silt and sand, it lifts and carries it. Wind often leaves behind particles too heavy to move. This erosion of the land by wind is called deflation.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Wind Abrasion is a form of erosion that can make pits in rocks and produce smooth, polished surfaces. Abrasion is common in some deserts and in some cold regions with strong winds.

Wind 2 If sand deposit continues to grow, a sand dune might form. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Wind If sand deposit continues to grow, a sand dune might form. Sand dunes move when wind carries sand up one side of the dune and it avalanches down the other.

Wind 2 Sometimes, wind carries only fine sediment called silt. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Wind Sometimes, wind carries only fine sediment called silt. When this sediment is deposited, an accumulation of silt called loess (LOOS) can blanket Earth's surface. Loess often is deposited downwind of large deserts and deflated glacial outwash deposits.

Water 2 Water that flows over Earth's surface is called runoff. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Water Water that flows over Earth's surface is called runoff. Runoff is an important agent of erosion. The more speed water has, the more material it can carry with it.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Sheet Flow When water flows downhill as a thin sheet, it is called sheet flow. This thin sheet of water can carry loose sediment grains with it, causing erosion of the land. This erosion is called sheet erosion.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Rills and Gullies Where a sheet of water flows around obstacles and becomes deeper, rills can form. Rills are small channels cut into the sediment at Earth's surface. These channels carry more sediment than can be moved by sheet flow.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Rills and Gullies As runoff continues to flow through the rills, more sediment erodes and the channel widens and deepens. When the channels get to be about 0.5m across, they are called gullies.

Streams 2 Gullies often connect to stream channels. Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Streams Gullies often connect to stream channels. Most streams have water flowing through them continually, but some have water only during part of the year.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Streams In mountainous and hilly regions, streams flow down steep slopes. This type of stream typically has white-water rapids and may have water falls.

Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Streams As streams move out of the mountains and onto flatter land, they begin to flow more smoothly. The streams might snake back and forth across their valley, eroding and depositing sediments along their sides. Click image to view movie.

Shaping Earth’s Surface Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Shaping Earth’s Surface Over long periods of time, water moving in a stream can have enough power to cut large canyons into solid rock. Many streams together can sculpt the land over a wide region, forming valleys and leaving some rock as hills.

Shaping Earth’s Surface Erosion of Earth’s Surface 2 Shaping Earth’s Surface When rivers enter oceans or lakes, the water slows and sediment is deposited. This can form large accumulations of sediment called deltas.

Section Check 2 Question 1 Compare and contrast continental glaciers and valley glaciers.

Section Check 2 Answer Continental glaciers are located in Polar Regions and are very large and thick. Valley glaciers are much smaller and are found high up in the mountains where the average temperature is not warm enough to melt the ice. Glaciers can erode rock by pulling out pieces of rock underneath them and dragging them along the surface as the glacier moves.

Question 2 2 Which is NOT caused by water erosion? A. abrasion Section Check 2 Question 2 Which is NOT caused by water erosion? A. abrasion B. canyons C. gullies D. sheet erosion

Section Check 2 Answer The correct answer is A. Abrasion results when wind carrying sediment wears down other rocks.

Section Check 2 Question 3 Identify and describe the process being illustrated by this diagram?

Section Check 2 Answer The process shown is called creep. Creep occurs when sediments slowly move downhill. It is common in areas where freezing and thawing occur. As the ice expands in the soil, sediments move up. When the soil thaws, the sediments move further downslope by gravity.

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