CRITICAL THINKING TORTORA chapters 9, 10, and 11 NERVOUS SYSTEM CRITICAL THINKING TORTORA chapters 9, 10, and 11

Chapter 9 – CT #1 SALIVATING = AUTONOMIC/ Parasympathetic division (getting ready for food digestion) STRETCHING & YAWNING = SOMATIC division ( Motor ) SNIFF to SMELL COFFEE =

Chapter 9 – CT #2 Wait what?? GRAY MATTER = unmyelinated axons = nerve impulse does not travel as quickly along axon (cannot jump from one node of Ranvier to the next and “skip over parts of the axon)

Chapter 9 – CT #3 = ENDORPHINES are the body’s natural painkillers These are inhibitory neurotransmitters that decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be generated -> Stress and pain are the two main “triggers” which lead to release of this neurotransmitter from the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Chapter 9 – CT #4 Myelin sheath increases speed of nerve impulses Myelination not complete in infants Responses in infants are slower and less coordinated

Chapter 10 – CT #1 If can see the light this means that optic (CN II) nerve ia fine Cannot track light with eyes = Movement of eyes is due to oculomotor (CNIII) nerve, trochlear (CN IV) nerve, and abducens (CN VI) nerve

Chapter 10 – CT #2 Numbing medication (such as Novacaine) is an anesthetic that works by blocking the opening of the cation channels at the synapse Further nerve impulses are blocked and the central nervous system does not receive the pain signals being sent

Chapter 10 – CT #3 Movement of right arm = Damage to left precentral gyrus (primary motor area) Speech = frontal lobe (Broca’s region)

Chapter 10 – CT #4 1. Pin prick = stimulus 2. Receptor region = skin of foot 3. Afferent/ sensory neuron 4. Interneuron/ association neuron in spinal cord processes sensory input and generates motor output Efferent/ motor neuron Effector = skeletal leg muscles

Chapter 11 – CT #1 Post-dinner activities handeled by PARASYMPATHETIC division of autonomic nervous system “Rest & Digest” activities = digest food, absorb nutrients, defecation Also heart rate, breathing rate etc. slower

Chapter 11 – CT #2 “Supermom” effect = “FIGHT or FLIGHT” Sympathetic nervous system *Adrenaline (epinephrine) released: Heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, etc. increases Glycogen is broken down and glucose & ATP go to muscles

Chapter 11 – CT #3 Lost control of normal body functions Once again, sympathetic nervous system took over in the emergency and his body didn’t have control over “rest & digest” functions

Chapter 11 – CT #4 Sympathetic nervous system It will take her a while to calm down because adrenaline has been released and will take time to break down after the scare Effector = arrector pili muscles that produce “goosebumps”