Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Dr Paul Campling Spatial Applications Division Leuven (SADL) WG - AEI EUROSTAT 3 December 2002

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Objectives and Aims Objectives: produce concrete indicators of Landscape State (Indicator 32) and Impact on Landscape Diversity (Indicator 35). Aim: reduce the set of Landscape Indicators proposed in COM(2000)20 and COM(2001)144. Explore: EU wide datasets (CLC, FSS and LUCAS) Time frame: 3 years 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Data Assessment for Landscape Indicators Review definitions of Landscape State and the Impact on Landscape Diversity Review model framework for developing landscape indicators and reference levels according to “driving forces” Develop spatial framework for interpreting landscape indicators on the basis of agro-ecological zoning Explore available European Union wide datasets for calculating landscape indicators Select case study areas for the Landscape indicator feasibility study Develop methods for deriving landscape indicators 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Landscape State Landscape State represents the complex interaction between human societies and the natural environment Defined in reference to a former state (desired or planned state). Analytical indicator of landscape diversity and composition Candidate indices: Land use / land cover diversity Crop importance (specialisation) Agricultural intensification Linear elements/features and degree of fragmentation 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Impact on Landscape Diversity Impact is linked to factors of change Factors changing agricultural landscape include Policy initiatives (CAP reforms, cross compliance measures, agri-environmental programmes) Farming practices (advances in machinery, new breeds & variaties, organic farming, agro-forestry) Farming economics (parcel size, land prices, crop/livestock prices, migration) Consumer demands (bio-products, food standards) Indices of changes in diversity Evaluation in terms of data on soil, topography and climate (COM (2001) 144) – ‘natural baseline of diversity’ 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets GISCO-database CORINE Land Cover (CLC), Administrative boundaries (NUTS-regions) FSS at NUTS 2 and 3: crop type and area, livestock type and number, farm sizes (ha and ESU), fallow, irrigation LUCAS land cover & land use, linear features openness of landscape, vertical and colour indices Different scales, procedures and definitions -indicators aggregated to NUTS 3 level 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Selection of case study areas (CSAs) Farming environment is very diverse across EU EU policy needs to be applied at the local scale in a decentralised way CSAs reflect different landscape typologies of Europe Meeus (1988) landscape typology (13 in total, 5 used) Dominant land use from CLC e.g. arable land, olives and vineyards Representative of a NUTS 3 area (indices aggregated to NUTS 3 level) Characteristic of northern and southern Europe 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Selection of case study areas 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Processing of LUCAS SSU-data 10 SSU’s per PSU: At each SSU: observation of Land cover and Land use Calculation of indices – diversity, dominance, characteristics 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators (LUCAS SSUs) LCDI = # LC classes / PSU LUDI = # LU classes / PSU ADI=#Agric classes / PSU 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Processing of LUCAS transect-data 1 transect per PSU, 1200 m Along the transect: observation of land use + linear elements (width > 1m) Selection of transects per CSA (≥ 1 NUTS3-region) Calculation of indices – transition, fragmentation, linear elements 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators (LUCAS transect) LUDI = # LC classes / km LUTI = # LU classes / km ADI=#Agric classes / km FI= # fragments (LUT or LE) / km LEI=# agric. Linear Elements/km 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Number and character of the linear elements (LUCAS Transects) 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Agricultural Importance Index – FSS agricultural area / NUTS surface area 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Arable Importance Index – FSS sum of arable crops / total agricultural area 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Grassland Importance Index temp. + perm grass / total agricultural area 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Irrigation Importance Index Total irrigable area / Total agricultural area 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Mean Farm Size (ha) Total agricultural area (ha) / # holdings 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Mean Farm Size (ESU) Total ECU / # holdings 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Agricultural Intensity Index Mean farm size (ESU) / Mean farm size (ha) 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Conclusions (1) A range of landscape indicators calculated from European Union wide databases such as CLC, FSS and LUCAS CLC, FSS and LUCAS have different scales, methods and procedures – necessary to attach source of data to each indicator e.g. CLC land cover diversity index, LUCAS land cover diversity index Case studies selected to represent major landscapes and crop types, results show distinct differentiation in farming environments Impact on Landscape Diversity requires time series information 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Conclusions (2) LUCAS Greatest differentiation in terms of land transition index, fragmentation index and linear elements index, reflects differences in parcel sizes and degree of urbanisation FSS 1990 vs 2000 Agriculture – stable or marginal increase Arable farming – marginal increase N Europe CSAs, marginal decrease S Europe CSAs Grassland – marginal increase S Europe CSAs, stable in N Europe CSAs Irrigation – overall marginal increase 3 December 2002 Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets

Landscape Indicators using EU wide datasets Dr Paul Campling Spatial Applications Division Leuven (SADL) WG - AEI EUROSTAT 3 December 2002