Philosophy of the Human and the Posthuman

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Presentation transcript:

Philosophy of the Human and the Posthuman Class 4

Last class: Rights (Locke; Wollstonecraft) Liberty J.S.Mill Primacy of the individual – autonomous; ‘entitled’; self-sufficient; free; Morality as the sphere of the private

Class 4 Triumph and decline of humanism; Michel Foucault: “death of man”; Meanings of the posthuman

Renaissance – summed up as “art, science, genius, money” Enlightenment – secularism, reason, autonomy, … Modernism – freedom, money, progress, optimism ….

Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832

Utilitarianism ...The creed which holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness. By ‘happiness’ is intended pleasure, the absence of pain; by ‘unhappiness’ pain, and the privation of pleasure... (John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism 1863, Chapter 2)

the ethically right choice in a given situation is the one that produces the most happiness and the least unhappiness for the largest number of people.

utilitarian ethics Consequentialist Hedonist Instrumentalist Quantitative Jeremy Bentham; John Stuart Mill; Peter Singer Utilitarianism - an important tool in social engineering; emergence of the iea of the ‘welfare state’

Panopticon

Progress Scientific: knowledge, discovery, method Technological: instrumentation – navigation - trade – consumerism Social: freedom; equality; democracy Moral: abolition of slavery; education; social welfare; universal rights Values: progress; optimism; human exceptionalism - - arrogance; triumphalism; material wealth

Reason: moral and social progress Reason/Knowledge when tied to moral progress is seen as a secular value rather than virtue (godliness) Pursuit of happiness – achieved by reason i.e., science liberates us from toil, ignorance, superstition, etc. Reason; freedom; happiness – basis of enlightenment virtues

Modernism pursuit of happiness and progress are added to the Enlightenment vision

Modernism

Manifestations of humanist values in art architecture institutions (law, education, commerce), urban planning, literature film media science and technology sport

Ayn Rand 1905-1982

Decline War and violence Social inequality Political corruption Domination of weak by the powerful Oppression of minorities Environmental degradation Disintegration of institutions Psychological malaise: ‘age of nothing’

Steven Pinker

Michel Foucault (1926-1984): “death of man”

Man de-centred Copernicus – the heliocentric universe Darwin (1859) – man/animal Marx – man at the mercy of class Freud – man at the mercy of the unconscious Postmodernism “death of the author” post-secularism the post-human

Foucault – Key themes: (for next class) Power and Knowledge Technology (cf Heidegger) History of Madness Discipline and Punish Panopticon, panopticism and surveillance Sexuality and Biopower

The posthuman Contesting the boundaries (of human/non- human) Interrogating the values – individualism, rationality etc., What is excluded? Being ‘other’