Cell Theory In 1665, British scientist, Robert Hooke observed that living things contain empty room-like compartments that he called “cells”. In 1864, Louis Pasteur proved that new living things can come only from other living things of the same type.

Cell Structure

Cell Structure Cells are filled with smaller structures called organelles that work together so the cell functions Different types of cells have different types of organelles, but some organelles can be found in all cells. Organelles take up bout 5-30 % of the cell. The rest of the cell consists of water.

(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Newo Colony Activity An analogy is a way to understand new ideas by making a comparison. A factory can be used as an analogy for the cell. Parts of the cell that allow the cell to survive are called organelles. Organelles take up about 5 to 30 percent of the cell. The rest of the cell consists of water. How is the Newo colony similar to a factory? See pages 22 - 24 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

Cell Membrane = Gate Keeper The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates the movement of particles in and out of the cell. Cell Membrane is Selectively Permeable.  In the Newo colony the cell membrane would be like the protection dome, controlling movement of materials in and out of the colony through the entry and exit gate. See page 25

Cytoplasm = Environment Cytoplasm, the jelly-like substance within the cell, contains organelles, water, and other life supporting materials. The liquid in which the NEWO colony lives.

Nucleus = Control Center Nucleus controls all the activities within the cell. Contains our genetic material (DNA). DNA contains the instructions for the development and function of living things DNA exists in the form of chromatin, which condenses into chromosomes just before a cell is ready to divide. 

Inside the Nucleus A nucleus also contains a nucleolus Nucleolus is a structure inside the nucleus that forms incomplete ribosomes.

Ribosomes = Production of Building Blocks Ribosomes assemble proteins that are essential for all life. May be free in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria = Power House The mitochondria are the organelles that produce energy for the cell. This process is Cellular Respiration. 

Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process of taking in nutrients, breaking them down, and creating energy rich molecules (ATP) for the cell. 

Ameoba Sisters Video on Cellular Respiration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Eo7JtRA7lg

Organelles for Assembly, Transport, and Storage Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles

Endoplasmic Reticulum = transport Proteins made by the ribosomes then pass through the endoplasmic reticulum, the network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials throughout the cell. ER works closely with the Golgi bodies and ribosomes. Rough ER is found throughout the cell but the density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are called 'membrane bound' and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins. This process is called translation.

Smooth ER Smooth ER is important in the creation and storage of lipids (fats) and steroids.  Cells in your body that release oils also have more SER than most cells. 

Rough ER Rough ER is found throughout the cell but mostly near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus.  Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch.  Attaches sugars to proteins Packages proteins in vesicles which go to the Golgi Apparatus It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes Protein molecules are synthesized and collected in the cisternal space/lumen. When enough proteins have been synthesized, they collect and are pinched off in vesicles. The vesicles often move to the Golgi apparatus for additional protein packaging and distribution. 

Golgi Body = Post Office  Another packaging organelle resembling ER, looks like a series of membranes shaped like pancakes. Receives proteins from the ER Proteins are sorted then repackaged into vesicles to be moved within the cell or to the outside. Vesicles  are small membrane-wrapped packages that carry proteins, nutrients and water around the cell.

Organelles work together

Vacuoles = Storage Vacuoles are temporary storage compartments that sometimes store waste. 

Plant cells usually have one large central vacuole for storing water. Plants can’t move to get water, need to store it when it comes.

Lysosomes = Garbage Disposal Lysosomes are specialized vesicles that contain enzymes that digest (break down) food particles, cell wastes, and worn-out organelles. 

Chloroplast = Energy Maker Only found in plants

Chloroplast = Energy Maker change the Sun’s energy into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

Cell Wall = Structure and Support tough, rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane protects the cell and gives cell shape

Amoeba Sisters video on Photosynthesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixA8ZXx0KU

Different cells have different functions What organelle(s) might a cell have more of if it produced a lot of proteins? What organelle(s) might a cell have more of if it job was all about secretion? Cell that require a lot of energy might have more of which organelle? Cells that require lots of proteins may have more ribosomes and ER. Cells that secrete a lot may have more Golgi bodies Cells that require a lot of energy may have more mitochondria.

Difference between Plant and Animals Cells

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration WS

Assignment: 3D model of a cell Using recycled materials from around the home, create a 3 dimensional model of a plant or animal cell cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus nucleolus nuclear membrane chromatin mitochondrion endoplasmic reticulum chloroplast vacuole ribosome  ribosome

3D model of cell must include: Title (plant or animal), your names, block Include all parts listed All parts must be labeled or use a legend Brief description of function of each organelle Each type of organelle must look different from the others