Carbon and Organic Compounds Begin with “introduction to cells”

Section 1: Carbon Atoms and Covalent Bonds Special Bonding properties of carbon: Mostly always form covalent bonds Not very reactive 4 outer electrons

Allotropes of Carbon: Allotropes: various formations an element takes when forming molecules Diamond Bucky Balls Graphite

Carbon Nanotubes: Tube structures made from the carbon atoms Carbon Nanotubes: Tube structures made from the carbon atoms. (video for tubes)

Organic Compounds: Large class of compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Hydrocarbons: Compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon.

Types of Hydrocarbons:

1) Alkanes: Strands of carbon hydrogen molecules that contain only single bonds ***These compounds are called saturated because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.***

2) Alkenes: Hydrocarbons that have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms. Examples: Ethene or Ethylene that is used to make plastics and antifreeze (ethylene glycol)

3) Alkyne: Hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond. Examples: C2H2 (acetylene used for oxyacetylene torches) ***Alkenes and Alkynes are unsaturated because double and triple bonds block bonding locations that could be used for hydrogen's.***

4) Cycloalkane: Ring structures with only single bonds 5) Benzene: Ring structures with double bonds

Hydrocarbon Properties There are no polarities therefore there are no strong intermolecular attractions. Smaller chains will have low boiling and melting points Larger hydrocarbons will have higher boiling points. Larger hydrocarbons will be gases or liquids Very reactive

Isomers: Compounds with the same number and types of atoms but differing geometric arrangements

Isomers for Octane (fuel) Fuel comes in 18 different isomers and is also called iso-octane because of this blend. Octane rating are based on the percentage of octane to heptane example 90 ml Oct / 10 ml hetp = 90 rating. We use a lab rating RON and MON (research octane rating Australia and EU & lab octane rating US)

Hydrocarbon Nomenclature

Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons

Chevron Richmond Refinery

Crude Oil Distillation http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=jk0WrtA8_T8

Fractional Distillation: (pg 713) Separation of oil by boiling points Process: Crude oil is heated. Heated oil is passed through regions “bubblers” set to specific temperatures that condense specific fuels based on their boiling points.

Cracking: Controlled process to breaking larger hydrocarbons into smaller more usable molecules. Types of Cracking: Thermal Catalytic Steam Hydro

Making Essential Oils https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz_jYx4dF0U

Classwork and Homework Section 1 worksheet Pg 701 (7-12) Pg 703 (13-16) Pg 715 (30 – 36)