FIGURE 2.1 Comparison of Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales. Fig. 2-1, p.27

FIGURE 2.2 Heat energy absorbed and released. Fig. 2-2, p.28

FIGURE 2.3 Every time a cloud forms FIGURE 2.3 Every time a cloud forms, it warms the atmosphere. Inside this developing thunderstorm, a vast amount of stored heat energy (latent heat)is given up to the air, as invisible water vapor becomes countless billions of water droplets and ice crystals. In fact, for the duration of this storm alone, more heat energy is released inside this cloud than is unleashed by a small nuclear bomb. Fig. 2-3, p.28

FIGURE 2.4 conduction. Fig. 2-4, p.29 FIGURE 2.4 The transfer of heat from the hot end of the metal pin to the cool end by molecular contact is called conduction. Fig. 2-4, p.29

Table 2.1. Conductivity Table 2.1. Conductivity Table 2-1, p.29

FIGURE 2.5 The development of thermal. FIGURE 2.5 The development of thermal. A thermal is a rising bubble of air that carries heat energy upward by convection. Fig. 2-5, p.30

FIGURE 2.11Air in the lower atmosphere is heated from below. FIGURE 2.11Air in the lower atmosphere is heated from below. Sunlight warms the ground, and the air above is warmed by conduction, convection, and infrared radiation. Further warming occurs during condensation as latent heat is given up to the air inside the cloud. Fig. 2-11, p.39

Rising air expands and cools Rising air expands and cools; sinking air is compressed and warms. p.31

FIGURE 2.6 Radiation Fig. 2-6, p.32 FIGURE 2.6 Radiation characterized according to wavelength. As the wavelength decreases, the energy carried per wave increases. Energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth by radiation alone. The Earth transfers some of its energy back out to space by radiation alone. Radiation is the ONLY way that the Earth gains or loses energy. Radiation is of fundamental importance to the very existence of the life-supporting temperatures we find on planet Earth. Fig. 2-6, p.32

FIGURE 2.7 The sun’s electromagnetic spectrum FIGURE 2.7 The sun’s electromagnetic spectrum and some of the descriptive names of each region. The numbers underneath the curve approximate the percent of energy the sun radiates in various regions. Fig. 2-7, p.34

FIGURE 2.8 earth FIGURE 2.8 The hotter sun not only radiates more energy than that of the cooler earth (the area under the curve), but it also radiates the majority of its energy at much shorter wavelengths.(The area under the curves is equal to the total energy emitted, and the scales for the two curves differ by a factor of 100,000.) TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY RADIATED = PROPORTIONAL TO T^4 (Stefan-Boltzman law). WAVELENGTH MAXIMUM OF EMISSION SPECTRUM = PROPORTIONAL TO 1/T (Wien’s law) Fig. 2-8, p.34

FIGURE 2.9 Absorption of radiation by gases in the atmosphere FIGURE 2.9 Absorption of radiation by gases in the atmosphere. The shaded area represents the percent of radiation absorbed. The strongest absorbers of infrared radiation are water vapor and carbon dioxide. Fig. 2-9, p.36

FIGURE 2.10 Sunlight warms Fig. 2-10, p.37 FIGURE 2.10 Sunlight warms the earth’s surface only during the day, whereas the surface constantly emits infrared radiation upward during the day and at night. (a) Near the surface without water vapor, CO2, and other greenhouse gases, the earth’s surface would constantly emit infrared radiation (IR) energy; incoming energy from the sun would be equal to outgoing IR energy from the earth’s surface. Since the earth would receive no IR energy from its lower atmosphere(no atmospheric greenhouse effect), the earth’s average surface temperature would be a frigid –18°C (0°F). (b)With greenhouse gases, the earth’s surface receives energy from the sun and infrared energy from its atmosphere. Incoming energy still equals outgoing energy, but the added IR energy from the greenhouse gases raises the earth’s average surface temperature about 33°C, to a comfortable 15°C (59°F). Fig. 2-10, p.37

Albedo Albedo Table 2-2, p.40

FIGURE 2.21 The average annual incoming solar radiation FIGURE 2.21 The average annual incoming solar radiation (red line)absorbed by the earth and the atmosphere along with the average annual infrared radiation (blue line) emitted by the earth and the atmosphere. UNEQUAL HEATING OF EARTH’S SURFACE CAUSES ALL WEATHER Fig. 2-21, p.48

FIGURE 2.15 The elliptical path FIGURE 2.15 The elliptical path (highly exaggerated) of the earth about the sun brings the earth slightly closer to the sun in January than in July. Fig. 2-15, p.44

FIGURE 2.16 Sunlight that strikes a surface FIGURE 2.16 Sunlight that strikes a surface at an angle is spread over a larger area than sunlight that strikes the surface directly. Oblique sun rays deliver less energy (are less intense) to a surface than direct sun rays. Fig. 2-16, p.44

FIGURE 2.19 During the Northern Hemisphere summer FIGURE 2.19 During the Northern Hemisphere summer, sunlight that reaches the earth’s surface in far northern latitudes has passed through a thicker layer of absorbing, scattering, and reflecting atmosphere than sunlight that reaches the earth’s surface farther south. Sunlight is lost through both the thickness of the pure atmosphere and by impurities in the atmosphere. As the sun’s rays become more oblique, these effects become more pronounced. Fig. 2-19, p.46

FIGURE 2.18 Land of the Midnight Sun FIGURE 2.18 Land of the Midnight Sun. A series of exposures of the sun taken before, during, and after midnight in northern Alaska during July. Fig. 2-18, p.46

FIGURE 2.22 The changing position of the sun FIGURE 2.22 The changing position of the sun, as observed in middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Fig. 2-22, p.50

Table 2.3 Time of sunlight Table 2.3 Time of sunlight Table 2-3, p.46