Transforming Transportation January 17th, 2013 Sustainable Urban Transport Fuels and Vehicles Darío Hidalgo, PhD Director of Research and Practice, EMBARQ Transforming Transportation January 17th, 2013

Modal Distribution in LAC (2007) We focus a lot on cars – but public transport still makes up a big portion of transportation in developing countries. Fuente: Observatorio Movilidad Urbana CAF http://omu.caf.com/

Therefore it is important that we have the cleanest bus technologies http://airenuevobogota.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/bus-botando-humo.jpg

Meta-analysis of Exhaust Emissions http://www.embarq.org/en/project/sustainable-urban-transport-fuels-and-vehicles-program Authors: Erin Cooper, Aileen Carrigan EMBARQ Magdala Arioli, EMBARQ Brasil Umang Jain, EMBARQ India Contributions: Jorge Macias, Cynthia Menendez, Georg Schmid, CTS-EMBARQ Mexico Funding:

Exhaust Emissions Which type of fuel and which technology has the lowest emissions in Brazil, India, and Mexico? Emissions Testing Engine Testing In use, real drive cycle testing Emissions Standard Testing US Developing Countries Europe Also addresses issue of in-use emissions as noted in GFEI.

Fuels and Technologies Emissions vary with respect to fuels, technologies also significantly between the same fuel type and technology Fuels Exhaust After Treatment Technologies Diesel (and Hybrids) OC – Oxidation Catalyst DPF – Diesel Particulate Filter SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation Biodiesel (20 and 100%) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) TWC – Three-way Catalyst Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Ethanol

CO results graph Older technology

THC results graph Older CNG tech (mostly due to methane)

NOx results graph ULSD with SCR CNG with 3WC Biodiesel

PM results graph Diesel without emission control technologies

CO2e results graph ULSD, EGR, DPF, Hybrid CNG, B20 w/o emission control technologies

Example for India: NOx vs. PM

Example for India: CO2 vs. PM

Additional considerations Lab tests versus field tests (major variations, little data apart from Diesel and CNG) Drive Cycle – more variations in urban cycles Mileage of vehicle – Nox increases, CO2 a little Altitude – Nox, THC, CO2 increases (little data above 1000 meters) Overall analysis of emissions: it is important to see various emissions and not to focus on just one, e.g. CO2eq or PM… because there are always tradeoffs

CO THC NOx PM CO2 LNG High Very High Medium Very Low E95 E93 D50+DPF D15+SCR D15+OC D15+Hybrid Variable D15+EGR D15+DPF D15 D≥150+OC D≥150 CNG+OC CNG+3WC CNG B20 B100+SCR B100+EGR

Conclusion It is important to see the technologies in the various dimensions of emissions After treatment is very important – EGR, OC, DPF According to the data, the best combinations are: CNG + 3WC B100 + SCR D15 + OC D15+ Hybrid (depends on air conditioning) It is necessary to review the total cost of ownership (lifecycle)

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