Cladogram notes
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A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
The different organisms are located across the top of the cladogram.
Telephone Cladogram Organisms
The different traits (characteristics) are located on the main branch of the cladogram.
Telephone Cladogram Organisms Traits
If two organisms are located next to each other on the tree, it means they are very closely related (share a recent ancestor) Closely related
Telephone Cladogram Closely related Organisms Traits
A speciation event is the evolutionary moment when a common ancestor species diverged into two distinct species. Speciation events occur at the nodes. Nodes = speciation event
Telephone Cladogram Closely related Organisms Nodes = Speciation events Traits
Common ancestor for all organisms A common ancestor is the most recent ancestral species from which two different species evolved. The common ancestor for all organisms on the cladogram is located on the root of the main branch. Common ancestor for all organisms
Telephone Cladogram Closely related Organisms Nodes = Speciation events Traits Common ancestor for all organisms Common ancestor = most recent ancestral species from which two different species evolved
Time! (Closest to today) (Farthest from today) The left side of the cladogram occur in the past (farthest from today) while the right side of the cladogram is more recent (closer to today) (Closest to today) (Farthest from today) Time!
Nodes = Speciation events Telephone Cladogram Closely related Organisms Nodes = Speciation events Traits Time! Common ancestor for all organisms Common ancestor = most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved
When a new trait appears, every organism that evolved after that point should have the trait. Organism 3 has an electronic punch dial AND is self dial (no operator) All organisms besides #1 have a self-dial (no operator) Every organism above the trait has the trait
Nodes = Speciation events Write this! Every organism above the trait has the trait Telephone Cladogram Closely related Organisms Nodes = Speciation events Traits Time! Common ancestor for all organisms Common ancestor = most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved
An organism that doesn’t have any of the traits is called an outgroup.
Nodes = Speciation events Every organism above the trait has the trait Telephone Cladogram Closely related Organisms outgroup Nodes = Speciation events Traits Time! Common ancestor for all organisms Common ancestor = most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved