A need or desire that leads to action Motivation A need or desire that leads to action

Overview of Chp. 12 Perspectives Major Motivators Instincts & Evolution Drives & Incentives Optimum Arousal Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Major Motivators Hunger Sex Need to Belong

Instincts & Evolution Instinct – fixed and unlearned The more complex the organism the more flexible the behaviors

Drives & Incentives Drive-reduction Theory Needs cause a drive to reduce/satisfy need Organism wants to maintain homeostasis Incentives pull (positive or negative stimuli)

Optimum Arousal We naturally seek arousal This might explain “adrenaline junkies”

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Basic hunger & thirst Safety Safe, secure, and stable Want to know what is going on

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Belongingness & love Love & acceptance Avoid loneliness Esteem Self-esteem through achievement & independence Recognition & respect from others Self-actualization Live up to full potential The best possible you

Physiology of Hunger Stomach pangs = need to eat Chemicals involved in hunger: Insulin - controls glucose levels leptin – increase metabolism & decrease hunger orexin – triggers hunger ghrelin – hunger signals PYY – sends not-hungry signals Fixed point vs settling point

Psychology of Hunger Memory of last meal Expectations of next meal Cultural influences on food we eat Mood Avoidance of new foods may be motivated by survival

Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa