When doing GENETIC mapping, Molecular Markers can be used as a locus Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) “snips” AACGTCATCG vs. AACGTTATCG Microsatellites - examined here on a pedigree Simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) CGCGCG vs. CGCGCGCGCG vs. CGCG The idea of Haplotypes

The idea of a Haplotype Beyond

H. sapiens sapiens <100,000 yrs. ±4000 generations *Few recomb./gen. *Haplotypes are of significance

Chauvet cave, 30,000 BC Homo sapiens sapiens

H. sapiens sapiens 100,000 yrs. ±4000 generations *Few recomb./gen. *Haplotypes are of significance

H. sapiens sapiens <100,000 yrs. ±4000 generations *Few recomb./gen. *Haplotypes are of significance

Essentially Haploid: Haplotypes WITHOUT recombination

Note: In humans, the mutation rate is ±10-8 (per generation per bp) Y chromosome is 60 Mbp, so +/- 0.6 bp change/generation Remember: For Y, recombination is NOT AN ISSUE

Y- haplogroup distributions now

Note: In human mitochondria, the mutation rate is ±10-5 (per generation per bp) Mitochondrial genome is about 17,000 bp, so +/- 0.2 bp change per generation Here too: For Mitochondrial DNA, recombination is NOT AN ISSUE

Note: In human mitochondria, the mutation rate is ±10-5 (per generation per bp) Here too: For Mitochondrial DNA, recombination is NOT AN ISSUE

The idea of a Haplotype

For AUTOSOMAL inheritance and haplotypes, we must address: -diploidy -crossovers/recombinant chromosomes *Additional levels of complexity

For Autosomes: Two alleles of each gene 127 cM For Autosomes: crossovers and recombinant chromosomes

Take into account the dynamics/timing of: -single base pair changes -crossovers/recombinant chromosomes

Prof. Rosie Redfield, UBC -Link to movie is on Moodle For AUTOSOMAL inheritance and haplotypes, we must address: -diploidy -crossovers/recombinant chromosomes Prof. Rosie Redfield, UBC -Link to movie is on Moodle