Disediakan oleh: ABDUL LATIF AHMAD IPTHO

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Disediakan oleh: ABDUL LATIF AHMAD IPTHO SISTEM RANGKA Disediakan oleh: ABDUL LATIF AHMAD IPTHO

TISU RANGKA FUNGSI ANATOMI PEMBENTUKAN TULANG: Pertumbuhan Homeostasis Senaman PERTUMBUHAN & PENUAAN KECELARUAN Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Istilah medik Sokongan Perlindungan Pergerakan Mineral Sel darah Simpanan lemak Pertumbuhan mesoderm mesenchyme limb buds notochord Penuaan KASAR MIKROSKOPIK Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis Articular cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity Jenis sel (4) Osteons: canal lacunae canaliculi Jenis tulang: spongy compact JENIS HOMEOSTASIS SENAMAN Kepanjangan, ketebalan Faktor penyebab mineral vitamin hormon Intramembranous Endochondral Patah Pemulihan Regulasi kalsium - PTH - calcitronin Pusat ossifikasi primary secondary Epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line Tulang tengkorak (rata) Mandible

SISTEM RANGKA BAGAIMANA MENGENAL TULANG KECELARUAN Cakera hernia (herniated discs) Lengkuk abnormal Spina bifida BAHAGIAN JENIS TULANG TANDA PERMUKAAN Axial Appendicular Panjang Pendek Rata Tak sekata (irregular) Sesamoid Tekanan (Depression) Proses (processes) TENGKORAK (SKULL) 8 HYOID (1) VERTEBRAE (26) THORAX (25) Bahagian: cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacrum (5) coccyx (4) Lengkuk Vertebra tipikal Sternum (1) Ribs (rusuk: 24) true (benar) false (palsu) floating (terapung) TANDA TULANG TENGKORAK Sutures Fontanels Sinuses Foramina Cranial (8) Facial (14) Middle ears (6)

Klasifikasi Tulang Axial : sokongan, tengkorak,vertebra, sternum, tulang rusuk, lebih teguh, medial longitudinal axis Appendicular: rangka untuk pergerakan, tangan,kaki,pelvic girdles, kecederaan boleh berlaku dan lebih serious.

TULANG PANJANG

TULANG PENDEK

TULANG TAK SEKATA (IRREGULAR)

1.Frontal Bone 2. Supra-Orbital Foramen 3. Orbit (Orbital Cavity) 4. Superior Orbital Fissure 5.Inferior Orbital Fissure 6. Zygomatic Bone 7. Infra-Orbital Foramen 8. Maxilla 9. Mandible 10. Mental Foramen 11. Incisive Fossa 12.Symphysis 13.Vomer 14.Inferior Nasal Concha 15.Middle Nasal Concha 16. Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid 17. Nasal Bone 18. Lacrimal Bone

(Kapsul, ligamen, bursa) SENDI KLASIFIKASI FUNGSI STRUKTUR Synarthorotic (immovable) Amphiarthorotic (slightly immovable) Diarthorotic (freely immovable) FIBROUS CARTILAGINOUS SYNOVIAL Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis Synchondrosis Symphysis Artikulasi Terpilih (Kapsul, ligamen, bursa) Struktur Jenis Pergerakan Articular cartilage Articular capsule fibrous capsule synovial membrane Synovial cavity Accessory ligaments Planar Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle (pelana) Ball & socket Gelunsur (glide) Bersudut (angular) fleksi ekstensi hyperekstensi abduksi (abduction) aduksi (adduction) Putaran (rotation) Circumduction Khas (special) Bahu (shoulder) labrum rotator cuff mobile Siku Pinggang stable Lutut minisci unstable

Sendi Titik pertemuan anatara tulang/rawan dengan tulang. Struktur sendi dipengaruhi oleh rapat hubungan pada titik pertemuan pergerakan semakin kuat tapi terbatas /terhad. Pergerakan ditentukan oleh kelenturan tisu ligamen & tendon.

Fibrous joints (sultures in the skull).

A generalized synovial joint

The Hip Joint - ball-and-socket joint.

Cartilaginous joints between the thoracic vertebrae.

A hinge joint (elbow region

Gliding joints in the wrist region

Model showing compound joints in the neck region

A pivot joint between the radius and

FUNGSI SENDI Sinarthrosis – Dua tulang akan rapat tetapi tiada pergerakan . contoh : tengkorak (skull) Diarthrosis – Pergerakan pelbagai arah contoh : sendi lutut, sendi bahu Amphiarthrosis – Pergerakan yang sedikit contoh : vetebra (tulang belakang)

GERAKAN SENDI Sendi Bahu – Ekstensi , Fleksi , rotasi, hiperekstensi Sendi Siku – Ekstensi , Fleksi Sendi Pelana – Fleksi , Ekstensi Sendi Bonggol – Fleksi , Ekstensi , Hiperekstensi Sendi Paksi – Fleksi , Ekstensi , Hiperekstensi Sendi Telangsa – Dorsi Fleksi , Plantar Fleksi.

SEKIAN Terima Kasih