Homologous Structures In everyday life, people look like one another for different reasons. Two sisters, for example, might look alike because they both inherited brown eyes and black hair from their father. On the other hand, two people attending an Elvis impersonators’ convention may look alike because they are both wearing rhinestone studded suits and long sideburns. The similarity between the sisters is inherited, but the similarity between the Elvis impersonators is not. It works the same way in biology. Some traits shared by two living things were inherited from their ancestor (homologous), and some similarities evolved in other ways (analogous). HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES - traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor that have the same structures, but have adapted different functions.

Comparing Mammal Forelimbs SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G DIRECTIONS: Complete the THREE columns on the worksheet table. Answer the questions below the table.

Bat Forelimb Function: flight SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G Function: flight Adapted Structure: thin & elongated bone structure

Mole Forelimb Function: digging Adapted Structure: SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G Function: digging Adapted Structure: thick & large structure compared to rest of body (Also – adapted an extra finger – falciform)

Wolf Forelimb Function: running and hunting SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G Function: running and hunting Adapted Structure: long & sturdy for speed and power; with phalanges in a pad

Human Forelimb Function: hunting & gathering Adapted Structure: SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G Function: hunting & gathering Adapted Structure: long and provides free-range of movement

Elephant Forelimb Function: supports weight for walking SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G Function: supports weight for walking Adapted Structure: thick bones & stacked on top of each other to support body weight

Sea Lion Forelimb Function: swimming SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G Function: swimming Adapted Structure: powerfully structured forelimb with long paddle-like phalanges

Opossum Forelimb Function: running & climbing SCAPULA=A HUMERUS=B RADIUS=C ULNA=D CARPELS (WRIST)=E METACARPELS (HAND)=F PHALANGES (FINGERS)=G Function: running & climbing Adapted Structure: average size bone structure; no specialized features

Can Genes be Homologous? Months before you were born, one of your genes turned on and helped your developing body build eyes. However, we are not the only species eq1uipped with a copy of this gene. Other mammals, birds, fish and even insects carry a copy of this gene and it seems to do about the same job in all of the species. The human version of the gene can be inserted in a fly and still trigger the building of an insect eye! This suggests that this is an ancient gene that was present in the common ancestor of most animals on Earth today and that was inherited from descendants as distantly related as flies, humans and hummingbirds!

Analogous Structures In evolutionary biology, the term analogous structures pertain to the various structures in different species having the same function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor. ... Examples of analogous structures are as follows: wings of insects and birds used for flying.

Bat, Bird and Insect Wings

Homologous vs Analogous

Vestigial structures are often homologous to structures that are functioning normally in other species, but may serve no current function in some species. Therefore, vestigial structures can be considered evidence for evolution, the process by which beneficial heritable traits arise in populations over an extended period of time. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Vestigial Structures

Vestigial Structures

Vestigial Structures

Cavefish vs Minnow

Homologous OR Not As already discussed Homologous Structures between species provide evidence that the species shared a common ancestor, as shown in the mammal forelimb examples, displaying the same structure but adapting different functions for their forelimbs. Some times in nature, unrelated species will evolve similar functions through different evolutionary paths using unrelated structures. These types of structures are called Analogous Structures and they do not show evidence of evolution from a common ancestor.

Which limb is NOT homologous in each set? Why? Human Lizard Octopus B Bird Whale Grasshopper Lizard Human

Common Ancestors Homologous structures are inherited from common ancestors. The octopus limb could only be homologous to the lizard limb if they both inherited the limb from a common ancestor. This family tree shows how the octopus is related to vertebrate limbs. Vertebrate limbs and octopus limbs evolved independently after their point of common ancestry, so they were not inherited from a common ancestor. Therefore, they are not homologous, they are considered analogous. The same is true of the grasshopper leg.

Vertebrate Limbs & Common Ancestor Homologous Structures in forelimbs goes beyond mammals. The following example shows the same forelimb bones in FOUR different vertebrates. Which TWO forelimbs are not mammals?

Homologous OR Not GAME Helpful Hint: For each set of pictures, ask yourself if the structure or adaptation evolved between the species from a shared common ancestor OR did the structure evolve independently between the two species showing no common ancestor linking the structure or adaptation together. DIRECTIONS: Keep Score of how many you and your group get correct.

1. Are the wings of a bat (mammal) and the wings of a robin (bird) homologous?

2. Fins of a shark (fish) and the fins of a dolphin mammal?

3. The limbs of an eagle and the limbs of a penguin?

4. Wings of a dragon fly and the wings of a butterfly?

5. Are all of these different leaves Homologous?

6. No limbs on a water snake (reptile) and no limbs on an eel (fish)?

7. Opposable thumbs of the primitive primate, bush baby, and our opposable thumbs?

8. The front teeth on a beaver and the tusks on an elephant?

9. The scales on a brown trout (fish) and the scales on a lizard (reptile)?

10. Gliding adaptation of the marsupial sugar glider from Australia and the placental gliding squirrel of the Americas?