The Correlation Between Metabolic Syndrome and Prostatic Diseases Cosimo De Nunzio, William Aronson, Stephen J. Freedland, Edward Giovannucci, J. Kellogg Parsons  European Urology  Volume 61, Issue 3, Pages 560-570 (March 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.013 Copyright © 2011 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Flow diagram of the search results. European Urology 2012 61, 560-570DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.013) Copyright © 2011 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. HPA=hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal axis; IGF-1=insulinlike growth factor 1; TNF-α=tumour necrosis factor 1; IL-6=interleukin-6; CRP=C-reactive protein; PAI-1=plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; HDL=high-density lipoprotein; LDL=low-density lipoprotein. European Urology 2012 61, 560-570DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.013) Copyright © 2011 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Potential biologic mechanisms for lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia in relation to metabolic syndrome. IGF-1=insulinlike growth factor 1; IL=interleukin, TGF-β=transforming growth factor-β; IFN-γ=interferon-γ; FGF-2=fibroblast growth factor 2; LUTS=lower urinary tract symptoms; BPH=benign prostatic hyperplasia. European Urology 2012 61, 560-570DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.013) Copyright © 2011 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Biologic hypothesis for prostate cancer aggressiveness in relation to metabolic syndrome. IL=interleukin; TGF-α=transforming growth factor-α; IGF-1=insulinlike growth factor 1; SHBG=sex hormone–binding globulin; PCa=prostate cancer. European Urology 2012 61, 560-570DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.013) Copyright © 2011 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions