L23B: Sociolinguistics 2005-2006 Please Turn off all cellular phones & pagers L23B Website: www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/courses/l23b 11/18/2018

Course Assessment Incourse Test (40% of total grade) TEST DATE: MONDAY, APRIL 3, 2006 (2-4pm) Final Exam (60% of total grade) 11/18/2018

Topics for this Session Brief Review Data Collection & Analysis cont’d Variation Studies 11/18/2018

Variation Studies - Micro Process – identify: linguistic variables social variables relationship between (1) & (2) data collection method sample to be used 11/18/2018

Types of collection method: Self–reported method: Questionnaires or Interviews (structured or open-ended) Audio/Visual recording Overt or covert Observation 11/18/2018

Questionnaire Structured: Which language do you use at work? Creole_ English_ Other_ (ii) Which language do you use at home? Creole_ English_ Other 11/18/2018

Questionnaire Open-ended Which language or languages do you use at home and why? Possible response – “I use Creole sometimes, to speak to my grandma, but English to speak to my parents. They do not like to hear me speak Creole, since I am now at ‘university’. It creates a problems for me to speak sometimes when I am at family functions…” 11/18/2018

Levels of Formality: casual speech careful speech reading wordlist of specific variables minimal pairs 11/18/2018

Formality Word list: ‘ng’ variable Sing Singing Eating Contemplating Minimal Pairs Ring vs. sing Sin vs. sing Run vs. rung 11/18/2018

SAMPLING Types of sample: (taken from Wolfram & Fasold- Prescribed Text, ch.9, pg.89-90) Random – “each person in the total population has an equal chance of being selected from the sample”. Representative sample – used by Labov “the social composition is pre-determined and then informants are chosen to represent these categories” 11/18/2018

Trudgill (Norwich) Main Conclusions drawn: Men and women had different notions of ‘prestige language’ Hence distinction between: Overt & Covert Prestige. 11/18/2018

THEORIES developed to account for variation      Social Networks     Accommodation Theory       Acts of Identity       Ideology & language use 11/18/2018

Readings – Next Class Readings on Social Network, Acts of Identity, Language Ideology, Accommodation Theory, etc. 11/18/2018