LING 306 TEFL METHODOLOGY TEFL METHODOLOGY

Approach Refers to theories about the nature of language and language learning. Three theoretical views of language- Structural view Functional view Interactional view

Theory of Language Learning What are psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning? What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated? Process oriented theories build on learning processes – e.g.; habit formation, induction, inferencing, hypothesis testing, and generalization. Condition oriented theories emphasize the nature of human and physical context in which language learning takes place.

Monitor Model Developed by Stephen D. Krashen. Example of a learning theory on which a method has been built (Natural Approach). Addresses both the process and condition dimensions of learning. Distinguishes between acquisition and learning. Addresses conditions necessary for the process of acquisition- in terms of the type of input. Input must be comprehensible, slightly above the learner’s level of competence, interesting or relevant, not grammatically sequenced, sufficient quantity, and in low anxiety context.

Acquisition and Learning Acquisition- natural assimilation of language rules through using language for communication. Learning- formal study of language rules and is a conscious process. Learning is available as a monitor.

Natural Approach Developed by Tracy D. Terrell (1977) A method derived primarily from a learning theory rather than from a particular view of language. The learning theory specifies both processes and conditions.

Counseling Learning and The Silent Way By Charles A. Curran Focus primarily on the conditions necessary for successful learning without specifying what the learning process themselves are. Atmosphere of the classroom is a crucial factor. Seeks to eliminate feelings of intimidation and insecurity.

Total Physical Response (1977) Developed by James Asher. A method that derives primarily from a learning theory rather than a theory of the nature of language. Addresses the process and the condition aspects of learning. Based on the belief that child language learning is based on coordinating language with actions.

The Silent Way (1972) Developed by Caleb Gattegno Built around a theory of the conditions necessary for successful learning to be realized. Addresses learners needs to feel secure about learning. Learners assume conscious control of learning. Learners are trained to consciously use their intelligence to increase learning potential.

Theory of Language Learning vs. Theory of Language Structuralism (a linguistic theory) + behaviorism (a learning theory) = Audio lingualism. Approach concerns with theoretical principles. Language theory language competence linguistic organization and language use. Learning theory central processes of learning and conditions believed to promote successful language learning.

Teaching Method May or may not result from principles. Teaching method can be influenced and developed from views of language and a particular theory of learning. It may be constantly revised, modified on the basis of learners’ performance, and reactions to instructional practice.