RELIGIJA, Pravo i Društvo

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Presentation transcript:

RELIGIJA, Pravo i Društvo S. Zrinščak – listopad i studeni 2017.

TIPOLOGIJA VJERSKIH ZAJEDNICA

Weber – crkva i sekta Crkva – birokratska organizacija – polaže univerzalno pravo, svatko može biti član (krštenje): Karizma je na službi Sekta – dobrovoljni pristup, konverzija, odbijanje svijeta, intenzivan vjerski život

Značajke crkve i sekte prema Weberu (Knoblauch, Sociologija religije, 2004, str. 186) Crkva Sekta Članovi Potencijalno svi ljudi Samo religiozno kvalificirani Vodstvo Hierokratska shema službe Vladavina klasificiranih Odnos prema svijetu Potvrdjujući, prihvaća svijet Odbojan, ne prihvaća svijet Disciplina Opuštena Stroga Organizacija Birokratska Karizmatska

R. Niebhur- denominacija Ako sekta preživi smrt utemeljitelja i karizmu učini trajnom = denominacija H. Becker – kult – vrlo osobni karakter, bez formalnog članstva Modeli – stvarnost „Emocionalna zasićenost” termina – sekte – teorije o „brainwashingu” + „politika” prema „potencijalno opasnim sektama i kultovima” – od dominantnog diskursa u postkomunističkim zemljama (pr. Barker) do dijela francuske vanjske politike Anti-kult u HR? = male vjerske zajednice kao najčešći sociološki termin

CRKVA I DRŽAVA U KOMUNIZMU / MODELI I STVARNOST CRKVA I DRŽAVA U KOMUNIZMU / POSTKOMUNIZMU

Crkva i država, 1945-1990 1. razdoblje Ustav NFRJ 1946., Stepinac, prekid odnosa sa Sv. Stolicom (1952.), Zakon o pravnom položaju vj z (1953.), Program SKJ (1958.) 2. razdoblje II. vatikanski sabor, Protokol o razgovorima… (1966.), diplomatski odnosi (1970.), Zakon (1978.) Ograničena normalizacija Kakva memorija prošlosti? Odvojenost C i države + vjerska prava – ista norma u različitim društvenim kontekstima

Crkva i država Tri modela (uobičajeni, okvirni pristup) - državne ili nacionalne Crkve - kooperacijski (konkordatski) - striktna odvojenost (separacijski) Modeli i stvarnost: Ustavno –zakonsko određenje # stvarnost Pod-modeli Koji je model bolji??? Koja, čija perspektiva? Povijesno nasljeđe crkveno-državnih odnosa i religijski pluralizam suvremenosti – odnos?

Kontradiktorni trendovi: -disestablishment -ograničavanje vjerskih sloboda EU i crkveno-državni odnosi: Article 17 TFEU): 1. "The Union respects and does not prejudice the status under national law of churches and religious associations or communities in the Member States. 2. The Union equally respects the status under national law of philosophical and non-confessional organisations.

3. Recognising their identity and their specific contribution, the Union shall maintain an open, transparent and regular dialogue with these churches and organisations."  Europski obrazac: (1) zaštita individualnih prava i religijskih sloboda, (2) nekompetentnost države u religijskim pitanjima, odnosno priznavanju nezavisnosti religije u svim pitanjima njenoga učenja i ustroja (3) selektivna kooperacija između države i religija + europski obrazac u kontekstu kontradiktornih trendova

Alternativni pristup (V. Bader) Kombinacija pravnog i političkog: Strong establishment - pravni, politički i religijsko-nacionalni monizam (pr. Grčka, Srbija, Izrael) Weak establishment - pravni monizam, ograničeni politički i religijski pluralizam (Engleska, Škotska, skandinavske zemlje) Constitutional pluralism - pravni i religijski pluralizam (Finska) Nonconstitutional pluralism - ograničeni pravni pluralizam + politički i religijski (Niz, Belgija, Australija, Njemačka..)

Nonestablishment and private pluralism - jaka pravna i politička odvojenost (SAD)

Primjer analize postkomunističkih zemalja Zrinščak, S. (2011) Church, State and Society in Post-Communist Europe. In: J. Barbalet, A. Possamai, B. S. Turner (eds.) Religion and the State. A Comparative Sociology. London: Anthem Press, pp. 157-182. Sources for the table: Own analysis based on: Črnič, 2007; Devetak, Kalčina, Polzer, 2004; Ferrari, Durham, 2003; Fox, 2008a; Robbers, 2005; Schanda, 2003, 2009. Because some of the sources are not so accurate there might be some recent changes in respect to data presented (particularly those connected with numbers of registered communities), but the overall picture seems to be rather stable and indeed reflects the overall situation in the longer period, i.e. the end of 1990s and 2000s.

+ Eastern orthodox Christianity as traditional religion Not clear   Bulgaria Croatia Czech R. Hungary Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia Basic religious freedom Yes + possible limits Separation + Eastern orthodox Christianity as traditional religion Not clear + reference to st. Cyril and Methodius spiritual heritage Concordat No Pending Special rights Yes, although the degree is not the same in all countries (for details see the next row), while other religious communities (particularly those not traditional) may be registered but do not enjoy special rights, or can act as other non-governmental organizations Agreement / privileges Orthodox Church + registered denominations Catholic Church + communities with Agreements with the state 26 registered Churches and religious societies Yes, Catholic Church and different rights of larger religions, although lower than in other countries Catholic Church + 14 communities with special rights Orthodox church + 15 registered communities Catholic Church + 14 registered communities Yes, but Catholic Church + traditional churches with agreement, although small privileges Restriction (based on Fox, 2008a) High Low Moderate Low / Moderate State involvement

I, je li Hrvatska sekularna država?

Elementi odgovora: 1. Značenje pojmova? Sekularizacija – proces funkcionalne diferencijacije, promjena uloge religije u društvu Sekularizam (secularism) – ideološko-filozofski program separacije religije i politike/države Sekularnost (secularity) – institucionalni, kulturološki i simbolički odnosa ili diferencijacije između religije i sotalih društvenih sfera 2. Značenje pitanja? „je li” ili „trebala bi biti”

3. Gdje se krije dogovor? Ustav, zakoni (uključujući međunarodne ugovore), stvarnost na različitim razinama (npr. vjeronauk i kapelani u bolnicama), stavovi i očekivanja … Hijerarhijski, ili??? „Another important result is that among states which declare separationism or secularism–laicism in their constitutions, a majority do not follow these policies. This is true even using the more lenient standards which allow substantial levels of government involvement in religion” (Fox, 2011:393)