CHAPTER 17 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places Natural Law Thomas Hobbes John Locke Social Contract Natural Right Philosophe Montesquieu Voltaire Diderot Rousseau Laissez Faire Adam Smith

Natural Law – Rules of conduct discoverable by reason. Thomas Hobbes – He believed that only a powerful government could assure an orderly society. For him, such a government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order and compel obedience. John Locke – He had an optimistic view of human nature believing that people were basically reasonable and moral. Social Contract – An agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos.

Natural Right – Right that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property. Philosophe – French for “philosopher”; French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment. Montesquieu – An early and influential thinker who studied the governments of Europe from Italy to England. He read about ancient and medieval Europe and learned about Chinese and Native American cultures. He sharply criticized absolute Monarchy. Voltaire – The most famous philosopher. He used fighting whit as a weapon to expose the abuses of his day. With his pen, he battled inequality, injustice, and superstition. He detested the slave trade and deplored religious prejudice. He offended the French government and the Catholic church and was later imprisoned and forced into exile. His books were outlawed and burned as he continued to defend the principle of freedom of speech.

Diderot – Worked for years to create a 28 volume set of books called the Encyclopedia. His purpose was “to change the general way of thinking” by explaining ideas on topics such as government, philosophy, and religion. Rousseau – He influenced political and social thinkers for more than 200 years. Woven through his work is a hatred of all forms of political and economical oppression. His bold ideas would help fan the flames of revolt in years to come. Laissez Faire – Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. Adam Smith – Scottish economist that argued that the free market should be able to regulate business activity.

CHAPTER 17 Section 2 Terms, People, and Places Censorship Salons Baroque Rococo Enlightened Despot Frederick the Great Catherine the Great Joseph II

Censorship – Restriction on access to ideas and information. Salons – Informal social gathering at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas. Baroque – Ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s. Rococo – Personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid 1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers. Enlightened Despot – Absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change.

Frederick the Great – He openly praised Voltaire’s work and allowed a free press. His religious tolerance and also his distain for torture show Fredericks genuine belief in enlightened reform. Catherine the Great – She believed in the enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty. Joseph II – He was an eager student of the enlightenment. He ended censorship by allowing a free press and even abolished serfdom.

CHAPTER 17 Section 3 Terms, People, and Places George III Stamp Act George Washington Thomas Jefferson Popular Sovereignty Yorktown, Virginia Treaty of Paris James Madison Benjamin Franklin Federal Republic

George III – He was eager to recover the powers the crown had lost. Stamp Act – Law passed in 1765 by the British Parliament that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies; repealed in 1766. George Washington – Virginia planter and soldier. He was chosen to lead the American Army. His success as a leader continued when he became the Nations First President. Thomas Jefferson – Principal author of the Declaration of Independence, a document that reflects John Lockes ideas of the governments obligation to protect the peoples natural rights “to life, liberty, and property”. It also included Lockes idea that people had the right “to alter or to abolish” unjust governments.

Popular Sovereignty – Basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with the consent of the governed. Yorktown, Virginia – Location where the British army surrendered in the American Revolution. Treaty of Paris - Treaty of 1763 that ended the Seven Years’ War and resulted in British dominance of the Americas.

James Madison – His knowledge of history and government helped him to write the U.S. Constitution. Benjamin Franklin – A philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislature, and diplomat. He was sent by Congress to France in 1776 to seek financial and military support for the war. He soon became popular in France because of his intellect and whit. Federal Republic – Government in which power is divided between the national, or federal, government and the states.