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Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.30 Figure 2 Crosstalk between viral infection, genetic background and early education of the immune system Figure 2 | Crosstalk between viral infection, genetic background and early education of the immune system. Genetic background and early immune education, either alone or in combination, define the individual's capacity to modulate the cell autonomous response upon viral infection. These diverse responses to viral infection can lead to different outcomes, including excessive β-cell loss (with or without viral persistence) and triggering of an autoimmune response. Repeated viral infection might accelerate the ongoing autoimmune assault against β cells, culminating in clinical disease. AS, alternative splicing; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus. Beeck, A. O. d. & Eizirik, D. L. (2016) Viral infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus — why the β cells? Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.30