H.A.W.T. Development Prototype and Testing - Final Report Vortex Wind Systems Group M9 April 1, 2014

INTRODUCTION Team members Supervisors Jeremy Tibbo Dr. Sam Nakhla Dan Follett Scott Guilcher Supervisors Dr. Sam Nakhla Dr. Kevin Pope

Agenda Project Definition Past Accomplishments Optimization Theoretical Power Output Solid Mechanics Finite Element Analysis Prototype Model Experimental Results Conclusion

Project Definition Design of a small wind turbine to: Power a cottage based on light, radio and TV and fridge based on Power Evaluation 52 weekends per year Have a robust design that is optimized for Newfoundland wind characteristics

Past Accomplishments – Module 1 Project Definition Environmental Analysis Testing Options Project Management Plan Tool Evaluation Market Analysis Prototyping methods

Past Accomplishments – Module 2 Blade Design Theory Design Considerations Airfoil Polar Data Evaluation Blade Design Analysis

Blade Design Theory Prop-ID Element/Momentum Theory Iterative Process Stall Regulated Turbines Tapered Blade Design

Airfoil Polar Data Evaluation Airfoil Selection and Evaluation Selection Caveats Root Airfoil S814 Mid-Span Airfoil S812 Tip Airfoil S813

Design Considerations Betz Law Justification for 3 Blades Theoretical Blade Length Theoretical Power Output/Demand

Blade Design Analysis Geometry Performance Analysis Solid Mechanics Normalized chord and twist distribution 0.2 16.0000 0.15 16.0000 0.092902 16.0000 0.083612 10.0000 0.074322 5.0000 0.065031 0.0000 0.074322 -2.0000 0.065031 -3.0000 0.055741 -3.0000 0.05 -3.0000 Rotor Radius: 3.5 feet Preliminary Design Sketch

Fabrication & Testing Phase - Module 3 Step 1 Optimization Step 2 Solid Mechanics & FEA Step 3 Prototyping & Fabrication Step 4 Testing Step 5 Going Forward

Optimization Adjusted focus from maximum power output at low wind speeds to higher annual kWh Changed blade geometry to match Weibull wind distribution

Theoretical Power Output Total power: 4620 kWh 40% capacity: 1848 kWh

Preliminary Stress Calculations - Blade Using the maximum coefficient of lift and drag: Two moments will occur in this stress evaluation while treating the blade as a beam: About the Y-axis in a negative manner About the Z- axis in the positive direction

Preliminary Stress Calculations - Blade Using the lift, drag forces and moments calculated: Therefore the “ballpark” stress expected was: 1.297 MPa

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) To ensure safety and reliability while testing, FEA was performed on the blades Material: ABS-M30 Plastic Yield Strength: 36,000,000 Pa Maximum Lift Force: 140N/m2 Maximum Drag Force: 40N/m2 Do to the size, the aerodynamic moment was neglected during analysis Fatigue was evaluated as shown on the right. No issues found

Finite Element Analysis Von Misses Stress Results Maximum: 1,149,901.8 Pa Displacement (mm) Maximum: 2.907 mm Safety Factor: XXXXXXXXXXXX

Prototype Model Prototype parts: 1. Shaft – ½” tapered shaft 2. Bearing and seat 3. Generator 4. Nacelle with end cap 5. Rotor hub 6. Blades Design philosophy behind prototype: Simple to assemble Strong and reliable Cost effective Fit in the wind tunnel 6 4 2 1 3 5

Experimental Results Measured at 10m/s – theoretical peak output Other losses: Surface finish Bearing friction Alignment

Conclusion Blade design optimized to meet estimated power requirements Blade structural requirements met Prototype operated as predicted Peak power observed is acceptable Recommendations: Include gears to reduce TSR and increase driveshaft RPM Implement full scale prototype in rural setting to evaluate and compare power output

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