Trade and Pest Management Overview Agricultural trade issues Integrated pest management International standards with regard to AWPM and SIT Pest risk analysis –principles, practice and application Practical exercise

Agricultural trade Exports from developing countries rising Challenges for both developed and developing countries Pest exclusion / invasive alien species Sustainable agricultural practices

Agricultural trade Montreal Protocol (elimination of ozone depleting substances) Quarantine use of methyl bromide excluded, but may be less available PIC / Rotterdam Convention Lower maximum residue limits (MRLs) – O MRL Convention on Biological Diversity Sustainable practices Genetically modified organisms

IPM and Trade Pesticide residue problems are a major driving factor “Good agricultural practices” “Green” production –sustainable practices Environmental and health concerns Organic agriculture

IPM and Trade Pesticide residues = SPS measure TBT measures measures related to quality (process and production methods), excluding measures for health protection “green” production GAP Organic? some labeling practices

But… Concerns about the movement of quarantine pests remain Reduced availability of MeBr may become a problem for many Limited choice of alternative quarantine treatments

Which means…. In order for countries to benefit from trade opportunities, newer and more effective methods of control are needed Integrated pest management methods Area wide pest management Sterile insect techniques

IPPC and AWPM Systems to establish and maintain freedom Establish principle of equivalence Elaboration of the principle of managed risk Defining and describing risk analysis Identifying key elements of surveillance Identifying situations that enhance success

What factors should you consider in deciding to undertake an area wide pest management programme (in the context of trade)?

In IPPC terms, we look at: PEST: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products QUARANTINE PEST A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled

ISPMs Guidelines for pest eradication programmes Guidelines for the establishment of pest free areas Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests Guidelines for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure Biocontrol agents

Irradiation as a phytosanitary measure Products treated with ionizing radiation, not radioactive…. Levels used are 10X-several 100X lower than required for food safety purposes Endpoint can be sterility, not mortality Highly effective for many dipteran, lepidopteran and coleopteran pests Not widely accepted in international trade

Biological control agents ISPM under revision to update concepts Originally excluded SIT Based on definition of “biological control agent” Revision to include SIT Elements of risk analysis included in decision making

Guidelines for pest eradication programmes scientific information surveillance technical cost-benefit analysis pathways damage PEST ERADICATION PROGRAM FEASIBILITY

RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ISPM No. 6 Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas ISPM No. 8 Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS pest records surveillance

The probability of an adverse Risk: What is it? The probability of an adverse event and the magnitude of the consequences…

RISK RISK = Hazard x Probability x Consequences Risk is EVERYWHERE so we must: Understand it; Live with it; Reduce it; Manage it. If your decisions don’t include risk analysis (even informal), are you making informed decisions?

Risk analysis What can happen? What are we worried about? (Assessment) How likely is it to happen? (Assessment) How bad will it be? (Assessment) What can we do about it? (Management) Let’s talk about it. (Communication)

So, What is Risk Analysis? A systematic way of gathering, evaluating, and recording information leading to recommendations for a position or action in response to an identified hazard

Risk Analysis Framework Communication Management Risk Assessment

Risk Analysis should: Identify hazards Characterize risks Recognize uncertainty Summarize conclusions Recommend options Document the basis for decisions

Risk Assessment Questions What information is available? What is the quantity and quality of information? What is the probability? What is the magnitude of the consequences (if I do nothing)? Should something be done?

Elements of Risk Assessment Probability With pathway Escapes detection Survives transit Favorable location Overcomes resistance Able to reproduce and spread Consequences Direct economic Indirect economic Environmental Other: Political Social aesthetic

Risk Management Questions What can be done to eliminate or reduce the hazard? How effective are the options? How feasible are the options? What impacts do the options have? What is the level and type of uncertainty? What is the best option?

Describe the concern which has generated the need. Initiation Identify hazard(s) Estimate the likelihood of occurence Estimate the magnitude of the consequences Develop conclusions and describe uncertainty Describe the concern which has generated the need. Understand the background and expectations. Risk Assessment Mitigation requires assessment Risk requires mitigation Risk Management Develop recommendations and describe uncertainty Evaluate mitigation options for: -Efficacy -Feasability -Impacts Identify mitigation options Decisionmaking Evaluate recommendations against current environment and values to select an option.

Important Linkages Policy makers Regulators Researchers Industry Private sector Others?

PRA and Trade Justify protection measures Evaluate other’s measures Determine appropriate national strategies Area wide pest management Eradication programmes (or suppression?)

Take home message AWPM and SIT programmes may be affected by and have effects on international trade Int’l trade governed by internationally agreed terms (e.g. STANDARDS) Risk analysis is the scientific and technical basis for standards Risk analysis (including risk management) is an integral part of sound decision-making