GR Check: Do on ½ sheet of paper GR Check: Do on ½ sheet of paper. Answers should be 1-2 sentences, depending on question. Another word for “to convert” is ___________. What type of religion (universalizing or ethnic) is more likely to engage in the above + why? Which type of religion (universalizing vs./ ethnic) has a more limited distribution + which is more widespread? Explain why. 2 other ways religions can by classified include ________ + __________. Why are religious distribution maps flawed? What is the world’s 2nd largest religion and what is the # of global adherents? What are the 6 denominations of Protestantism? Which branch of Christianity has no denominations? What city is a common sacred place for Jews, Christians, and Muslims?

Mon 12/4: Religion (Unit 3b) 3b Essential Questions: Where are religions distributed? Why do religions have different distributions Why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns? Why do territorial conflicts arise among religious groups? H.W.) Due Wed: Guided Reading 3b Religion #7-9; Due Fri: Guided Reading 3b # 10-13; Quiz on Religion / 3b Guided Reading

Religion Universalizing vs Religion Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions Global Distribution of Faith We need to know on a skeletal level; this isn’t a theology class. Ex.) where religious groups exist, where they are in conflict + why are things we’ll study We’ll be doing a map tmrw (bring in own set of colored pencils)

adherents: a believer or supporter branch: a large + fundamental division or BREAK within a religion. Examples? Christianity (3): Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant denomination: division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal + administrative body. Breakdown in a branch into smaller types of churches. Roman Catholicism doesn’t have denominations Protestant denominations: Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Episcopal sect: a relative small group that has broken away from an established branch/denomination Ex.) People in Sister Wives are a SEC T of Mormonism. heretic: one who disagrees with church doctrine; rebel who goes against (Martin Luther 95 Theses/Protestant Reformation -- 500 yrs since his protest) sectarianism: conflict arising from perceived differences between subdivisions of a group. 2 groups within larger group fighting aka sectarian violence Ex.) Sunni and Shia within Islam adherents: a believer or supporter Branch – can you name some examples of branches (a major break/division) – there are 3? (Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant) (Mormon isn’t a branch- they fall into the “other category,” but derived from Protestant) Denomination = breakdown in a branch into smaller types of churches. Which branch of Christianity doesn’t have denominations? (Roman Catholic – 1 central authority, Pope delegates power) Who was the first Protestant? (Martin Luther  Lutheranism); 500 yr anniversary Sect – small group broken away from est. branch/denom (small breakaway – that’s what you assoc w/ sect?   Does anyone watch Sister Wives? (are they Mormons? – originally, but they are a sect of Mormons bc they still practice polygamy and the Mormon Church does not anymore. Sister Wives are a SECT of Mormonism) What do we call someone who disagrees w/ church teachings – a rebel who goes against? (a heretic / committing heresy) btw, it has been 500 yr’s since Martin Luther’s protest and since PR began Sectarianism: when 2 groups within the larger group are fighting against one another (sectarian violence) Is Muslims and Hindus fighting sectarian violence) – no, diff religious

Both involve pilgrimages Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions In general Holy Places Calendar Cosmogony Beliefs about origin of the universe Diffusion Seeks to appeal to all = mostly proselytic Truths/laws apply to all!!!! tied to life of founder, humans can move, relics can too! Appeals to a specific group living in one place tied to phys. environment very immobile. Mountains + rivers don’t move! Both involve pilgrimages Celebration of the founder’s life (holidays) God creates nature/physical environment for humans to use precise origins/hearth, tied to a specific founder usually widespread Celebration of the seasons God = nature incorporates events from phys. environment unclear or unknown origins, not tied to a specific founder, Ltd. diffusion, usually tied to geography of a location. Can diffuse thru relocation What is the diff between universalizing + ethnic religions? (universalizing seeks to appeal to all – they believe what they are saying applies to everyone) – they believe what they believe applies to all of mankind. If they believe their message applies to everyone, what are they more likely to engage in? (spreading/converting/PROSELETYZE ) What types of ppl would we assoc w/ proselytization? (missionaries – they proselytize; accept the word of Jesus or you are going to hell; they proselytize bc they believe their truths apply to all) How are ethnic religions different? – they appeal to specific group of ppl. (Judaism is an example; Jews are an ethnic religion – they don’t proselytize) How are their holy places different? What is is called when ppl make trip to a holy place? (a pilgrimage) What are the holy places in an ethnic religion most assoc with? – tied to physical env (Japanese practice animistic religion called Shinto; revere Mount Fuji) What phys. feature do Hindus find to be holy? (rivers – Ganges River) Ethnic religious less likely to diffuse their faith away from phys env that is important (immobile) Calendar: How is the calendar diff between universal / ethnic? (have diff holidays) Holidays – universalizing – calendar tied to life of founder (Easter/resurrection; Dec 25th); ethnic – celebration of the seasons Cosmology: (discuss views about nature/physical env)   Which religions are older, ethnic or universalizing? (Ethnic are older; many pre-historic) (we think Christianity 1400 yrs ago and Islam 2000 yrs ago are old, but they are not compared to ethnic religious) Diffusion:  Which hearth is anonymous / which is known? (we don’t know the hearth of ethnic religions) Which is widespread and which has limited diffusion? Ethnic religions tied to physical env (God is nature vs. God created nature

Universalizing Ethnic World Religions Universalizing Ethnic Major Christianity (1) Islam (2) Buddhism Minor Sikhism Bahá’í Hinduism (3) Confucianism Daoism Shinto Judaism (14 million only) Ethnic African religions Animistic Worship forces of nature/inanimate objects What us the world’s largest religion? Most adherents? Is it univeralizing or ethnic? (Christianity, 2 billion adherents) 2nd largest? (1.3 billion = Islam, fastest growing religion). Is Islam universalizing or ethnic? (universalizing, they think their laws apply to everyone) 3rd largest? (Hinduism). Is Hinduism universalizing or ethnic? 900 million adherents. Where? India Then we have Buddhism: (mostly in East Asia; has syncretism with other religions (Confucianism, Taoism); hard to decipher who is a true Buddhist – hard to count) Only 14 million Jews in world, but it is a major religion bc it is a forerunner religion for what other universalizing religion? What do some religious scholars believe is the foundation for monotheism? Zoroastrianism Explain to students: World is full of rel tension. Argument is usually economic/political, not ideological (ex. Between Jews and Christians) Islam was very accepting historically (they accept Jesus as a prophet; Issa; Mary is Marrian in the Qu’ran); in old days before imperialism, there was unity There is more in common than in difference Ethnic African religions – practice animism. What is animism? (worship inanimate objects, forces of nature)

Where Are Religions Distributed? Distribution of Religions Geographers distinguish two types of religions: Universalizing religions- attempt to be global by appealing to all people regardless of location or culture. 58 percent of world’s population practices a universalizing religion. Christianity: 2.1 billion Christians Islam: 1.5 billion Muslims Buddhism: 376 million Buddhists Ethnic religions- appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place. 26 percent of world’s population practices an ethnic religion. 16% of world’s population are atheists or agnostics. Atheism is the least that God does exist. Agnosticism is belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists.

FIGURE 6-4 ADHERENTS OF WORLD RELIGIONS Nonreligious includes atheists and agnostics.

World Distribution of Religions Map of world distribution of religion: Why are all maps of religious distribution to be taken with caution? (they are all generalizations) Shadings on a map show the major religion in a n area, thereby masking minority religions, many of which have a significant # of followers (India = Hindu, but 161 million Muslims) Some of the regions shown as belonging to a particular religion are places where faiths of penetrated relatively recently + where traditional religious ideas influence the practice of the dominant faith. Africa - Christian + Muslim Africans might profess a belief in a universalizing religion, while continuing to believe in traditional powers.

THE MAP!!!! We will be returning to this!

Christianity largest world religion about 2 billion adherents Many adherents in Europe, the Americas Three major branches Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians) Protestant Christianity (24%) Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc. Eastern Orthodox (11%) Other (14%) Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s Witnesses Distribution of branches matches colonial patterns

Where Are Religions Distributed? Branches of Universalizing Religions Branches of Christianity in Europe Three major branches include… Roman Catholic (51 percent of the world’s Christians) Protestant (24 percent of the world’s Christians) Orthodox (11 percent of the world’s Christians) Distributions in Europe: Roman Catholicism dominant branch in southwestern and eastern Europe. Protestantism dominant branch in northwestern Europe. Orthodoxy dominant branch in eastern and southeastern Europe. Division between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism often have sharp boundaries even if the dividing line is in the middle of a country.

  Map: Christianity in Europe If I say a country, you should tell me what branch of Christianity is practiced there In the South (Europe), that is largely Catholic. Romance branch – those 4 are all heavily roman Catholic areas Map still: What sticks out in northern/western Europe as a the big exception (Ireland – doesn’t fit pattern; is Catholic Why do Irish remain so Catholic? (the Irish hate the English; part of Irish identity is to be anti-British; part of their ethnic identity – religion super important bc it’s the religion the british were not) Distribution? Exceptions?

Where Are Religions Distributed? Branches of Universalizing Religions Branches of Christianity in the Western Hemisphere 93 percent of Christians in Latin America are Roman Catholic. 40 percent in North America Protestant churches have approximately 82 million members in the United States. Baptist church has largest number of adherents (37 million). Division between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism often have sharp boundaries even if the dividing line is in the middle of a country.

FIGURE 6-7 DISTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIANS IN THE UNITED STATES The shaded areas are U.S. counties in which more than 50 percent of church membership is concentrated in either Roman Catholicism or one Protestant denomination. The distinctive distribution of religious groups within the United States results from patterns of migration, especially from Europe in the nineteenth century and from Latin America in recent years.