Genetics What makes you, you.

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Presentation transcript:

Genetics What makes you, you

Genetics Genetics is the study of heredity of organisms. Genes can be turned on and off and can be seen or “hide” when other genes are present. Trait or characteristic is passed from parent to offspring

Monohybrid – one gene or allele only (hair color) (height) It is easy to look at one allele at a time, but living things have millions of traits the more traits the more difficult the study.

Parent = P1 Offspring = child of P1 generation and is called F1 Purebred means that both traits are the same. (Homozygous) Hybrid means that an organism receives different traits from the parents (P1) and does not look just like either parent. (Heterozygous) This causes trait variations and is why no two people look the exact same, unless they are identical twins.

Gene is a section on a chromosome that codes for just one trait Gene is a section on a chromosome that codes for just one trait. (hair color) Allele is one form of a gene (trait from one parent) Chromosomes – humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46. 23 from mom and 23 from dad. Chromatid is half of a chromosome.

Color of Animals Article How could a genetically inherited problem cause a species to become extinct? Give an example from your reading as you explain your answer.

Cell names/types Haploid is a cell with half of the number of chromosomes (23) N/n result of meiosis Diploid is a cell with the complete number of chromosomes (46) 2N/2n result of fertilization

When traits are passed down from parents to child they are randomly sorted and then the child’s traits vary some or a lot from the parents. Dominance is when one trait overshadows another trait. Dominant allele fully expresses itself over all other alleles of its same type.

Recessive traits are over- shadowed by dominant ones, they are never visible unless there is a pair of recessive traits. Recessive allele do not express themselves at all if a dominant allele is present.

Homozygous traits – both alleles for the trait are the same (TT or tt) Heterozygous traits – both traits are different, one dominant and one recessive (Tt or tT)

Phenotype is what the organism looks like Phenotype is what the organism looks like. If a dominant trait is present that trait will always be the phenotype. Genotype is what the organism’s real gene make-up is, it is not always what the organisms looks like or is seen by others. Genotypes help to explain family backgrounds and other “odd” traits.

Homozygous Tall bean plant crosses with a homozygous tall bean plant TT X TT T T T T T T T T T T T

Heterozygous tall and a homozygous short plant are crossed T t t t T t t t t t T

Sex Chromosome In all sexual reproducing organisms they have a pair of chromosomes that allow them to be male or female. These chromosomes are passed from mom to the egg (ova) and from the dad to the sperm. When an ova and sperm combine a new fertilized egg is formed called a zygote. When the two gametes get together they form the zygote.

Sex Chromosome XX = female, the chromosomes came from mom and dad XY = Male, the X chromosome came from mom and the Y chromosome came from dad XXX, XXY = polyploidy means too many pairs or extra chromosomes. Infertile

Shared traits Another type of trait is co-dominant traits. These are sometimes called blended traits. This type of trait the alleles from the parents are not dominant nor are they recessive, they share dominant or are co- dominant.

Names of trait problems The biological term for one trait is monohybrid. This means we look at only one trait and disregard the others. The biological term for two traits is dihybrid. In these cases we look at two traits that move together on the same chromatid or next to one another on a chromosome. (hair color and eye color, bean shape and color)

Blended traits Blood type, hair color, and flower color are examples of this type of trait Blood types are A, B, O, and AB With blood types the O is recessive and will only be seen phenotypic ally if there are two of them present A and B are co dominant traits and if both are present they share the phenotype.

Typing Parent (mother) type A Parent (father) type A These are their phenotypes, what are their possible genotypes? What could their children be?

Pedigree Chart These show us the history of a trait or group of traits within a given population/family. Hemophilia and sickle cell anemia are examples.

Family tree project You will need to learn some information about you and your family. There will several traits that you should “research” and collect data on about your family. Fill out the individual chart for you and your family and have it ready for Friday’s class.

Samples of dominant and recessive traits in humans

Chart Tongue rolling RR Rr rr Hair color B bl r Eye color B Bg g b Ear attachment FF Ff ff Second toe length LL Ll ll Hitch hiker thumb HH Hh hh

Chart T R A I S You Hair color Eye color Ear attachment Tongue rolling Hair color Eye color Ear attachment Second toe length Hitch hiker thumb T R A I S

Chart T R A I S You Mom Dad Sister Brother Hair color Eye color Tongue rolling Hair color Eye color Ear attachment Second toe length Hitch hiker thumb T R A I S

Chart R __ R __ R ___ B __ B bl bl bl B g B g B __ B ___ F __ F ___ You Mom Dad Sister Brother Tongue rolling R __ R __ R ___ Hair color B __ B bl bl bl Eye color B g B g B __ B ___ Ear attachment F __ F ___ F ___ f f Second toe length l l l l L l Hitch hiker thumb H _ H h h h H __ T R A I S

Family Pedigree/Tree You will combine at least three traits with your “new spouse” and make a punnett square of the possibilities of you F1. You will be the P1 and cross to find the F1 You will create a color family tree showing the results.

Father Mother You Spouse Sister Brother Child 1 Child 2

Quiz 1 Monohybrid Crosses and Genetics

Cross the following plants Heterozygous tall bean plant with a homozygous short bean plant. (tall trait is dominant over short) Show the P1 Show the completed Punnet Square Show the F1 Genotype Show the F1 Phenotype

Define these terms as they relate to genetics: Heredity F1 generation Phenotype Law of independent assortment Monohybrid If the F1 generation was 2Tt, 1TT, 1tt what would the percent of offspring be that would be tall? (Tall=T)

5. Why is blood typing important and how does it link to genetics 5. Why is blood typing important and how does it link to genetics? Explain….