CH. 28 STUDENT NOTES PART 2 OF 3

JFK: CIVIL RIGHTS Bombingham: city defined by its racial violence “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Asked that people stand up and protest Police Commissioner “Bull” Connor Kennedy saw brutality, knew he needed to intervene Sent Civil Rights bill to congress

MARCH ON WASHINGTON Civil Rights bill sent to Congress eliminate segregation To persuade Congress to pass the bill, civil rights supporters marched on Washington Listened to MLK make his “I have a dream” speech

RIGHT TO VOTE Freedom Summer: summer of 1964, activists, mostly college students, traveled throughout the south to get AA registered

Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned segregation in public places Voting Rights Act of 1965: eliminated restrictions put on voting

Segregation In North De facto segregation- exists in practice and custom De jure – by law Movement shift – southern oppression to northern inequality South consumed by unequal laws, north unequal in mind “white flight” caused decaying city slumps for AA pop.

Affirmative Action Attempts to prevent discrimination by forcing employers and universities to hire a certain percentage of minority groups or to give them compensatory preferential treatment Burdens of racism and sexism can be overcome only by taking race and sex into account Not enough to provide rights; they must be given benefits

Black Power Movement Black power meant that African Americans should unite, learn their heritage, define their own goals, lead their own organizations, and reject white racism “It means putting power in black people's hands. We don't have any, and we want some. That is simply what it means."

BLACK POWER Stokely Carmichael: AA should define goals and lead own organizations Preached self-defense and against Vietnam b/c of draft “We are oppressed because we are black. And in order to get out of that oppression [we] must wield… group power”

Panthers Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Black Panther Party Pan Africanism movement Cultural Movement: made black beautiful Black Studies

Malcolm X Born Malcolm Little, jailed at 20, read Nation of Islam, black Muslims Black nationalism: espoused economic power and a sense of community for African Americans based on principles of racial pride and separatism Frightened whites aka “Blue-eyed white devils” “any means necessary”

Malcolm X Rejected by most black Muslims, formed another Muslim organization Learned orthodox Islam: preach racial equality Feb. 1965 – assassinated

Death of a King MLK disagreed with Black Panthers Knew he wasn’t going to be around to see end of racism April 4, 1968, shot while at a hotel in TN Robert Kennedy addressed all AA crowd to carry on message Riots ensued Kennedy assassinated 2 months later