Civil Rights

1865: abolished slavery as a legal institution. 13th Amendment 1865: abolished slavery as a legal institution.

14th Amendment Was designed to grant citizenship and protect civil liberties of recently freed slaves.

15th Amendment 1870 – Protects rights of citizens to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery.

Racism deeply rooted prejudice which may be expressed in the idea that one race is superior to another. Governor George Wallace attempting to block integration at the University of Alabama, 1963.

Jim Crow Jim Crow was not a person, yet affected the lives of millions of people. Named after a popular 19th- century minstrel song that stereotyped African Americans, "Jim Crow" came to personify the system of government- sanctioned racial oppression and segregation in the United States

Literacy Tests Southern (and some western) states had elaborate voter registration procedures whose primary purpose was to deny the vote to those who were not white. In the South, this process was often called the "literacy test." In fact, it was much more than a simple test, it was an entire complex system devoted to denying Blacks the right  to vote.

Segregation The separation of the races by law in all aspects of society - schools, housing, restaurants, club, buses and trains, theaters, and all kinds of public and private facilities.

Types of Segregation De Jure Segregation: Segregation by law De Facto Segregation: Segregation that exists by practice and customs De Jure Segregation: Segregation by law

Separate but Equal the legal principle, first set forth in the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, that separate facilities and accommodations for Black people were constitutional so long as these resources were equal in quality to those provided for the white community.

Separate but Equal? White Schools Black Schools

Prejudice a negative attitude or opinion about a person or group based upon that person or group's race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, accent, gender, disability, or other external characteristic.

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was originally formed to terrorize and scare Blacks

Lynching murder by mob violence, without due process of law.

NAACP Thurgood Marshall worked with NAACP to help overturn older court rulings on segregation. Most notably Brown vs. Board of Education National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization. It works to end discrimination against blacks and other minority groups.

Brown vs. Topeka, KS Board of Education Landmark Supreme Court Case that effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in schools

All Deliberate Speed Words used by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1955 in its ruling on how communities were to implement the Court’s Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision of the previous year

Integration removing all barriers and placing all groups of people together •Also known as desegregation

EXECUTIVE ORDER rule or order issued by an executive branch of a government (ex. the president of the United States) and carrying the force of law

Little Rock 9 Nine African American Students who were suppose to be allowed to attend an all white school in Little Rock. They faced huge racism and had to be escorted by the National Guard when parents, students, teachers and mayor refused to allow them to attend.

EMMITT TILL •14 yr. old saying “Bye baby” to a white woman in Mississippi

Matthew Shepard In 1998 tied to a fence and beaten into a comma. Matt would die 8 days later from his injuries For being GAY!

Civil Rights Leaders Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. First famous for Montgomery Bus Boycott that lasted 381 days Admired Gandhi Won Nobel Peace Prize “March on Washington”

Martin Luther King’s Ideology Expose the racism, prejudice, discrimination and brutality that existed in the Southern United States. Use non-violent means to highlight the violence, and ensure support. Use civil disobedience to promote the change he wanted.

Civil Disobedience the practice of avoiding violence as a means to resolve conflict or end injustice

Boycotts Boycott is a refusal to deal with an individual, organization, or business. 1955

Sit-ins An act of occupying seats in a racially segregated establishment in organized protest against discrimination

FREE RIDERS / SCLC / SNCL Southern Christian Leadership Council (non-violent crusades) Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee Often leaders to boycotts and sit-ins

Malcolm X Formerly Malcolm Little Changed his name in Prison Memorized the English Dictionary Learned Islam and became Muslim Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood

Malcolm’s Ideology Believed African Americans should stand up and fight for their freedom. – Black Nationalism Believed violence was necessary to earn freedom. Believed that the Christian religion was based on the white culture.

Stokely Carmichael The Black Power Movement SNCC became more radical under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael. Carmichael advocated ideas of black power, which called upon African Americans to embrace their heritage, build communities, and lead their own organizations. The Black Panthers New militant political party called the Black Panthers was formed. The Black Panthers wanted African Americans to lead their own communities. Demanded that the federal government rebuild the nation’s ghettos.

Consequences Martin Luther King One of the most widely revered figures in American History. Achieved legislation (Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act) He was shot outside a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968. Malcolm X Tensions arose between Malcolm and the Nation of Islam. Malcolm said he would defend himself against death threats. He was shot 16 times during a speech in 1965.

MLK Jr. Day President Ronald Reagan signed the bill to make January 15th, the celebration of Dr. King’s birthday a national holiday.

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964 Civil Rights Act: banning segregation in public facilities as well as racial discrimination in employment and education.

The Voting's Rights Act of 1965 The murder of voting- rights activists in Mississippi, gained national attention, along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism. President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings began thereafter on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act. Voting Rights Act: Ends discriminatory voting practices.