The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 1

Carbohydrate Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides Glucose

Polysaccharides are Monosaccharides Linked by Dehydration Figure 2.8

Polysaccharides are Used for Energy Storage or Structural Support glu glu glu glu glu glu glu OR glu glu glu glu glu glu Structural support: glu glu glu glu glu glu

Chitin is Made of Repeating NAG Molecules (Fungal Cell Walls)) Structural support: NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG

Peptidoglycan/Murein is Made of NAG-NAM (Bacterial Cell Walls) Structural support: NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM pentapeptide links NAG NAM NAG NAM NAG NAM

The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 7

Monomers of Lipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol Saturated fatty acid: all single C-C bonds Unsaturated fatty acid: one or more double C=C bonds

Complex or Polymer Lipids Figure 2.9c

Complex or Polymer Lipids Figure 2.10a

Ergosterol (fungal cell membranes) Complex or Polymer Lipids Ergosterol (fungal cell membranes) (animal cell membranes) Cholesterol and ergosterol keep plasma membranes fluid and flexible

The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 12

Protein Monomers: Amino Acids (Peptides)

Twenty Amino Acids Used in Polypeptides

Linking Amino Acids (Peptides) Figure 2.14

Levels of Protein Structure Disulfide bonds Ionic bonds Non -polar interactions Hydrogen bonds

The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 17

Monomers of Nucleic Acids 5’ 4’ 1’ 3’ ribonucleotide 2’ ribonucleotide 5’ 4’ 1’ 3’ 2’ deoxyribonucleotide

Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids: Information Storage RNA: Single stranded Uses G, C, A, U bases Uses ribose sugar DNA: Double stranded Uses G, C, A, T bases Uses deoxyribose sugar

The Chemistry of Life v Elements and the Periodic Table v Atomic Structure v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule v Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar and polar Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds v Chemical Reactions v Acids, Bases, and pH Functional Groups Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA 20