Essentials of Public Speaking Delivering Your Message Chapter 8 Essentials of Public Speaking Cheryl Hamilton 5th Edition Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D. Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Flashback . . . Quintilian, a noted Roman rhetorician, gave his students detailed suggestions on gestures and facial expressions in De Institutione Oratoria. Some of his suggestions included: Use the head to indicate humility/haughtiness. Use the face to show sadness/cheerfulness/pride. Strike the thigh to show indignation. Use the fingers to indicate specific ideas. Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Key Ideas Methods of speech delivery Improving verbal delivery Improving vocal delivery Improving visual delivery Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Methods of Speech Delivery Extemporaneous Speaking from brief notes Extemporaneous Speaking from visual aids Impromptu Speaking Speaking from a Manuscript Speaking from Memory Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Extemporaneous Speaking Using Notes The speech is delivered using a brief set of speaking notes The speaking notes are prepared by turning selecting keywords from your preparation outline Quotes are written out completely on separate cards Speaking from keyword notes help you to sound conversational and make good eye contact with listeners Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Extemporaneous Speaking: Using Visual Aids This is a form of extemporaneous speaking that uses visual aids rather than a set of notes Speakers use the slides as a memory device Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Speaking Impromptu An impromptu speech is given without prior knowledge or preparation Try the following plan for your next Impromptu speech Appear confident Decide on a conclusion or objective first Begin with a general statement or background information Introduce supporting reasons with the word because (Stone & Bachner, 1994) Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Speaking from a Manuscript Manuscript speaking is harder than speaking from notes It’s difficult to use good vocal variety and maintain good eye contact To ensure manuscript is readable use 14 or 16 point type and double or triple space Practice reading your manuscript until you sound authoritative yet conversational and can maintain good eye contact Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Speaking From Memory It takes a good deal of time to memorize a speech Speaking from memory makes it difficult to react to audience feedback because you could forget what you were going to say next Delivery may not be relaxed because you’re trying to recall words Memorizing segments of a speech such as the introduction and conclusion do not usually cause problems Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Improving Verbal Delivery Verbal delivery involves your overall speaking style Word choice Sentence Construction Make sure you keep your speech simple, specific and vivid Avoid jargon Avoid using language that could offend audience members Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Improving Visual Delivery Pay attention to your appearance Appearance gives the audience a clue regarding your status and credibility Dress conservatively for the speaking situation Pay attention to facial expressions and eye contact Facial expressions can affect audience judgment of your credibility Try to make eye contact with both sides of the room Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Improving Visual Delivery Types of gestures Emblems – gestures that replace a word or idea Illustrators – gestures that expand or clarify a word or idea Regulators – gestures that control the flow of communication in small group Adaptors – gestures that signal nervousness Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Adapting Visual Delivery to the Media Be conscious of your visual image Choose your clothing color carefully Avoid shiny jewelry Wear slenderizing clothes Men generally don’t need makeup Look directly into the camera Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Vocal Delivery Elements of Vocal Delivery Tone, Volume and pitch Emphasis, speaking rate, and pauses Articulation and pronunciation The goal of good vocal delivery is vocal variety Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Volume and Pitch Volume – the loudness or softness of your voice Raise the volume of your voice for emphasis Lower the volume of your voice to help listeners focus on a point Pitch – the highness or lowness of vocal tones Pitch changes include steps in pitch and inflection Pitch changes add interest, energy and communicate subtle meanings Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Steps in Pitch Read these sentences aloud He stairs went down down went stairs He (Click for more exercises) Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Improving Verbal Delivery Verbal delivery involves your overall speaking style Word choice How you construct sentences Make sure you keep your speech simple, specific and vivid Avoid jargon Avoid using language that could offend audience members Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Improving Verbal Delivery Verbal delivery involves your overall speaking style Word choice How you construct sentences Make sure you keep your speech simple, specific and vivid Avoid jargon Avoid using language that could offend audience members Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Steps in Pitch Read these sentences aloud went went He down He downstairs stairs (Click for more exercises) Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Pitch Inflection Read these sentences aloud well (I’m waiting) go (Right now?) my (I’m surprised) say (Excellent!) oh (Is that so?) You (Not you?) stop (Right there) now (Don’t wait) Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Emphasis, Rate and Pauses Emphasis – stressing a word to give it significance Rate – how fast or how slowly you speak Important in maintain the listeners’ attention Constantly speaking at the same rate can lull listeners to sleep Pauses – live silence and phrases of words preceded and followed by pauses add interest and understanding Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Emphasis Stress only the words in light blue . . . Why did you fire him? Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 9 – Delivering Your Message Emphasis Read each sentence pausing where indicated by a slash That / outfit / looks great / on / you. That outfit looks great on you. That outfit looks great / on you. Chapter 9 – Delivering Your Message

Articulation and Pronunciation Articulation – the production of clear and distinct speech sounds Pronunciation - speaking words with all the sounds & accents in general usage in a population Chapter 9 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Articulation Read aloud. Make your articulation crisp & clear by exaggerating all sounds. To sit in solemn silence in a dull, dark dock. In a pestilential prison with a life long lock. Awaiting the sensation of a short, sharp shock. From a chippy, chippy chopper on a big black block. Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 9 – Delivering Your Message Articulation Do you need to work on any of these commonly mispronounced words? athlete ath’-lete ath’-a-lete February Feb’-ru-ary Feb’-yu-ry library ly’-brery ly’-berry picture pic’-ture pitch’-er secretary sek’-ra-terry sek’-a-terry nuclear nu-kle-er nu-ku-lur Word Correct Incorrect Chapter 9 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Articulation “Promoting a feeling of closeness” by . . . Verbal behaviors – humor, personal examples, using “we” & “our.” Vocal behaviors – good volume, pitch, & vocal expressiveness. Visual behaviors – eye contact, smiles, relaxed posture, moving around. Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Immediacy Behaviors Verbal, vocal and visual behaviors that promote a sense of closeness Decreases the psychological distance between speaker and audience Research shows these have a positive impact on student learning and attitudes Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Verbal Immediacy Behaviors Using humor sensitively Citing personal instances and experience Establishing yourself as part of the group by using we, us, and Referring to people by name Conversing with audience before and after presentation Praising individuals for their work Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Vocal Immediacy Behaviors Conversational tone Enthusiasm Effective use of volume and emphasis Natural-sounding pitch and variety Effective speaking rate Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Visual Immediacy Behaviors Making eye contact Smiling at appropriate times Relaxed posture Gesturing naturally Moving around rather than staying behind podium Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message Rehearsal Tips Practice out loud (with notes & visuals) Practice alone at first Then give speech for family or friends Practice with visual aids Get plenty of sleep the night before Have back-up PowerPoint when using it Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message

Essentials of Public Speaking Delivering Your Message Chapter 8 Essentials of Public Speaking Cheryl Hamilton 5th Edition Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D. Chapter 8 – Delivering Your Message