Recidivism of female systematic offenders: Dr. Eric Blaauw VNN and Hanze University of Applied Sciences The Netherlands e.blaauw@vnn.nl

Psychopathology and crime After clinical admittance, 3-11 times higher risk of later convictions (Hodgins, 1995) With addiction 3-4 times higher chance of crime (review Bennett, Holloway & Farrington, 2008) Crack: 6 x Heroin: 3 x Cocaine: 2.5 x Amphetamines: 1.9 x Cannabis: 1.5 x Alcohol and benzodiazepines lead to higher (but unknown/variable) risk of crimes

Psychopathology and the justice system In prisons 60% have problematic use of substances (30% alcohol, 38% drugs) and 54-60% had a mental disorder in the past year In Dutch TBS institutions (high security hospitals for court order patients) 100% had mental disorder and 65% had addiction (year prevalence) Of those who were (partially) not guilty by reasons of insanity, 46% were intoxicated and in 21% the intoxication caused escalation High prevalence of psychopathology among women in prison (Fazel & Danesh, 2002) See Blaauw & Roozen(2012)

Specific measure in the Netherlands Measure to place individuals in Institution for Systematic Offenders (Dutch ISD) Since October 2004 Goals: Crime reduction through incapacitation Recidivism reduction through treatment and resocialisation Method: Two years measure with intramural and outpatient phases with individual plans

For whom is the measure intended? Systematic offenders: More than 10 charges in past five years In past five years three or more imprisonments or mandatory treatment sentences Current criminal offence Safety of others requires a measure Excluding Not Guilty by Reasons of Insanity (NGRI)

Method In the central ISD institution for women All women from start in 2004 until end 2012 Reports of NGRI examinations by psychiatrists/ psychologists, criminal record, parole reports and own reports Selection of 81 fairly complete reports 2008-2012 minus 7 who had deceased Gathering of criminal records July 2015

Characteristics of the sample Age 41 years (SD = 7) 82% history of mental health care 41% history of prostitution 61% no fixed abode Victim of sexual abuse 43% Victim of severe/repeated physical abuse 74%

Psychopathology in the sample All but one addicted with 88% addicted to multiple substances 53% one (42%) or more Axis I disorder other than substance disorder 75% one (57%) or more personality disorders 59% borderline intellectual functioning at most (N = 44) Blaauw, E., Strijker, G., Boerema, Y., Veersma, E., van der Meer-Jansma, M., & Anthonio, G. (2016). Dual diagnoses among detained female systematic offenders. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 9(1), 7–13.

Recidivism after two years After prison 56% In sample of male highly active repeated offenders 72-74% (Tollenaar & Laan, 2012; Tollenaar, Laan & Beijersbergen, 2014) In present sample 58%

Recidivism in the sample 11% recidivism with very serious offence (> 8 years imprisonment) No difference in severity of offences after ISD Decrease in annual Number of crimes 3.2  .95, p<0.001 Days in police custody 68.6  26.8, p<0.001 Days in prison 85.3  23.5, p<0.001

Recidivism in the sample No relationship with demographic characteristics, but weak negative relationship with antisocial PD No relationship with prior prostitution, physical abuse and sexual abuse X²(3) = 1.6, p = 0.66 No relationship with prior SUD, psychiatric disorder and personality disorder X²(2) = 3.4, p = 0.18

Conclusions Recidivism after ISD still high Recidivism after ISD lower than male ISD recidivism No relationship with prior pathology Every female systematic offender has a reasonable change to abstain from recidivism

Thank you for your attention e.blaauw@VNN.nl

References Bennett, T.,Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(2), 107–118. Blaauw, E., & Roozen, H. (2012) (Red.), Handboek Forensische Verslavingszorg. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Bohn, Stafleu en van Loghem. Blaauw, E., Strijker, G., Boerema, Y., Veersma, E., van der Meer-Jansma, M., & Anthonio, G. (2016). Dual diagnoses among detained female systematic offenders. Advances in Dual Diagnosis, 9(1), 7–13. Fazel, S. & Danesh, J. (2002) Serious mental disorder in 23 000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 359, 545– 550. Hodgins, S. (1995) Major mental disorder and crime: An overview. Psychology, Crime & Law, 2(1), 5-17. Popma, A., Blaauw, E., & Bijlsma, E. (2012). Psychiatrische comorbiditeit van verslaving in relatie tot criminaliteit. In Blaauw, E., & Roozen, H. (Red.), Handboek Forensische Verslavingszorg (pp. 21-40). Utrecht, the Netherlands : Bohn, Stafleu en van Loghem. Tollenaar, N., & Laan, A.M. van der (2012). Effecten van de ISD-maatregel: Technische rapportage. Den Haag, the Netherlands : WODC. Tollenaar, N., Laan, A.M. van der., & Beijersbergen, K.A. (2014). Korte- en langetermijneffecten van de ISD-maatregel. Den Haag, the Netherlands : WODC.