Chapter 10 Population doubling every 25 years. 90 percent of population was rural. Only 5 percent lived west of the Appalachian Mts. Less trusting of govt. Spanish to west Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Vermont were admitted as states.

Washington as President Unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789 DID NOT want the job Started the Cabinet Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox.

Bill of Rights Wrote to appease Anti-Federalists Drafted by James Madison, adopted 1791

The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a federal court system Office of Attorney General was created and filled by Edmond Randolph. John Jay became the first Chief Justice of Supreme Ct. There were 5 associate justices with a total of 6 justices on the bench.

Hamilton’s Economic Policies Promote economic growth Strengthen the nation’s finances Give financial interests (such as Eastern Merchants) a stake in the new govt. Burr Hamilton

Hamilton’s Proposals: Funding at Par – federal gov’t would pay off debts at face value + interest using bonds and funded by tariffs. Assumption - Federal govt would “assume” all state debts. capital would be located at the mouth of the Potomac River to appease states with small debts Custom duties/Excise taxes Expand domestic manufacturing National Bank of the United States – Coin money to keep the currency stable

Hamilton v. Jefferson Jefferson said bank was unconstitutional because it was not in the constitution (STRICT) Hamilton said it was necessary and proper and the “elastic clause” would permit this action (LOOSE) Washington asked Jefferson and Hamilton to prepare reports on why each of their opinions should be upheld. Hamilton’s proposal accepted. A precedent for federal powers

Whiskey Rebellion Moonshiners protested the excise tax on whiskey by a violent revolt that was ultimately suppressed by a militia raised by George Washington. This showed that government had power to levy taxes and it was uncalled for if somebody tried to overthrow that power. Commentary

The French Revolution Washington proclaimed neutrality in the war. Gamble to start war with fragile country Jeffersonian’s Democratic Republicans did not like the idea of being neutral Edmond Genet - sent to persuade the Americans into joining the war

French Revolution

Leading up to the War of 1812 British gave Native Americans firearms Treaty of Greenville gave Native Americans money and the right to hunt in the Old Northwest in exchange for end of ownership rights to land. British attacked American ships and damaged about 300. thought Americans were helping France Anti-Federalists wanted War The Federalists disliked war as Hamilton’s Policies depended on trade with Britain.

Jay's Treaty Americans paid back their pre war debt to England England would evacuate forts in North America. British pay damages on ships they seized This was unpopular. Northern merchants are repaid while Southern plantations have to pay pre war debt

Pinckney’s Treaty Spain fears British American alliance and strikes a deal with the U.S. Gives U.S. the disputed territory N of Florida Spain gave America free navigation of Miss. River.

Washington’s Farewell Address Stay away from political parties and the dangers of foreign entanglements “However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.”

John Adams – 2nd President Federalist 71-68 electoral vote that led to Adams being the President and Jefferson being Vice President

XYZ Affair Adams sent three mediators (called X, Y, and Z) to France after French attacks on American ships. The French asked to have $250,000 in order to see the Talleyrand (foreign minister) Americans wanted war Navy created Marine Corps were reestablished. Army of 10000 men was authorized (not actually raised).

XYZ Affair

Peace with France Napoleon took over French Government Ended Franc0-American Alliance U.S. paid for destroyed French ships

Federalist Control Naturalization Act - naturalization period 14 years Alien Acts – Gave the government the right to deport any “dangerous” alien even in peacetime. Sedition Act – Made it illegal to speak out against the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson and Madison Violating Constitution -> state nullifying law Not adopted Supreme Court would have power