Figure 19.1 Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view. Cranial dura mater Terminus of medulla oblongata of brain Cervical spinal nerves C1-C8 Sectioned pedicles of cervical vertebrae Cervical enlargement Spinal nerve rootlets Dorsal median sulcus of spinal cord Dura and arachnoid mater Cervical spinal cord. Thoracic spinal nerves T1-T12 Spinal cord Vertebral arch Lumbar enlargement Denticulate ligament Denticulate ligament Conus medullaris Dorsal median sulcus Arachnoid mater Cauda equina Lumbar spinal nerves L1- L5 Dorsal root Spinal dura mater Filum terminale Thoracic spinal cord, showing denticulate ligaments Sacral spinal nerves S1- S5 Spinal cord Cauda equina Coccygeal spinal nerve Co1 First lumbar vertebral arch (cut across) Conus medullaris The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bony vertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally. Spinous process of second lumbar vertebra Filum terminale Inferior end of spinal cord, showing conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale.

Figure 19.2 Anatomy of the human spinal cord. Epidural space (contains fat) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Spinal meninges Subdural space Dura mater Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Bone of vertebra Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Body of vertebra Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal funiculus Gray commissure White columns Ventral funiculus Dorsal horn Gray matter Lateral funiculus Ventral horn Lateral horn Dorsal root ganglion Central canal Spinal nerve Ventral median fissure Dorsal root (fans out into dorsal rootlets) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Ventral root (derived from several ventral rootlets) Spinal dura mater 2

Figure 19.4 Cross section of the spinal cord (10). Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal funiculus Dorsal horn Lateral funiculus Ventral horn Ventral funiculus Ventral median fissure 3

Figure 19.5a Human spinal nerves. Cervical plexus C1 – C5 Cervical nerves C1 – C8 Brachial plexus C5 – T1 Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Thoracic nerves T1 – T12 Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus L1 – L4 Lumbar nerves L1 – L5 Sacral plexus L4 – S4 Sacral nerves S1 – S5 Cauda equina Coccygeal nerve Co1 4