ANATOMY GIANT REVIEW PACKET Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

The study of human parts and their locations. (1) What is anatomy? The study of human parts and their locations.

(2) What is physiology? Physiology is the study of how body parts work, both individually and together.

(3) List the levels of living organization in order, beginning on the left with the most macroscopic level: Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical

(4) List the levels of living organization in order, beginning on the left with the most microscopic level: Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

(5) What is the function of the nervous system? Controls the body Responds to internal + external changes (or stimuli) Stimulates muscles + glands

(6) Which organs are included in the nervous system? Brain Spinal cord Nerves

(7) What is the function of the cardiovascular system? Pump blood (heart) Circulate oxygen + nutrients to tissues Remove carbon dioxide + wastes from tissues

(8) Which organs are included in the cardiovascular system? Heart Blood Blood vessels

(9) What is the function of the respiratory system? Take in oxygen Expel carbon dioxide Circulate gas w/cardiovascular system

(10) Which organs are included in the respiratory system? Lungs Nasal cavity Trachea Larynx, pharynx Bronchi Diaphragm

(11) What is the function of the skeletal system? Support body Allow for movement by working w/muscles Produce blood cells Store minerals Protect organs

(12) Which organs are included in the skeletal system? Bones Joints Cartilage

(13) What is the function of the muscular system? Overall body mobility Produce heat Allows for response to stimuli Facial expression

(14) Which organs are included in the muscular system? Muscle… Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle

(15) What is the function of the endocrine system? Produce hormones Stimulate growth + development Stimulate reproduction

(16) Which organs are included in the endocrine system? Glands

(17) What is the function of the digestive system? Metabolize food stuff Absorb useful nutrients from food + drop in blood Get rid of food-waste

(18) Which organs are included in the digestive system? Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small + large intestine Rectum + anus

(19) What is the function of the excretory system? Filter blood Re-circulate useful nutrients Remove excess water, nitrogenous waste + solute

(20) Which organs are included in the excretory system? Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra

(21) What is the function of your lymphatic system? Collect leaked fluid from blood Return useful compounds back to blood Get rid of harmful cells/waste in blood Immunity

(22) Which organs are included in the lymphatic system? Thoracic duct Lymph vessels Lymph nodes White blood cells 

(23) What is the function of you reproductive system? Make more offspring / babies.

(24) How do the cardiovascular + respiratory systems work together? Respiratory takes in Oxygen  Which the cardiovascular circulates to tissues in need…. Cardiovascular transports carbon dioxide to lungs  Which the respiratory expels….

Anything with mass and volume. (25) What is matter? Anything with mass and volume.

(26) What is energy? The ability to do work.

(27) Do atoms become more or less stable when they bond? MORE STABLE Share or Steal/Lose valence electrons so that they achieve 8 (or mult. Of 8) in their outermost shell!

(28) Bonds form between which types of electrons? Valence

(29) What is a covalent bond? A bond in which atoms SHARE valence electrons.

A bond in which atoms steal/lose valence electrons with another atom. (30) What is an ionic bond? A bond in which atoms steal/lose valence electrons with another atom.

(31) What is a hydrolysis reaction? Water is added to larger polymer Large molecule splits into smaller chunks 1-chunk takes an OH 1-chunk takes an H

(32) What is a dehydration reaction? Water is removed from smaller monomers Forms larger polymer 1-OH removed from a chunk 1-H removed from a chunk 2 unstable chunks must bond together!

(33) Why are CHONPS biological elements? Because they are found in all living things.

(34) What are the functions of carbohydrates? Short term energy

(35) What are the functions of protein? Catalyze reactions Cell structure Expression of DNA

(36) What are the functions of lipids? Chemical messaging Cell Membranes Long Term Energy Storage

(37) What are the functions of nucleic acids? Store genetic information Store genetic code

(38) What is a eukaryotic cell? A cell WITH a nucleus

(39) What is a prokaryotic cell? A cell WITHOUT a nucleus.

(40) What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Monosaccharide

(41) What is the monomer of a protein? Amino acid

(42) What is the monomer of a lipid? Fatty Acid & Glycerol

(43) What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? Nucleotide Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous base

(44) Give some examples of a protein: Enzymes Protein channels in membranes Meat, beans, nuts

(45) Give some examples of carbs: Glucose, Fructose, Starch

(46) Give some examples of nucleic acids: DNA RNA

(47) Give some examples of lipids: Fats & Oils Phospholipids Hormones + steroids

(48) Is an organism a molecule?

Basic unit / building block for larger molecules. (49) What is a monomer? Basic unit / building block for larger molecules.

A larger molecule composed of repeating monomers. (50) What is a polymer? A larger molecule composed of repeating monomers.

Adenosine triphosphate Energy storing molecule (51) What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate Energy storing molecule

(52) How can your body release stored energy from ATP? Remove a phosphate

(53) How can your body store energy in ATP? Add a phosphate

(54) Is bond formation endothermic or exothermic? Why? Takes energy to form Energy goes INTO bond & is stored

(55) Is bond breaking endothermic or exothermic? Releasing stored energy

(56) What does endothermic mean? Heat Energy goes Into

(57) What does exothermic mean? Heat Energy Exits (Leaves)

(58) What is kinetic energy? Energy of motion Energy being used right now

(59) What is potential energy? Stored Energy

(60) What is the most basic unit of life? Cell

(61) What is the most basic unit of matter? Atom

(62) Which 2 organelles work together to produce polypeptides? Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes

Contain digestive enzymes Digest cellular waste (63) What do lysosomes do? Contain digestive enzymes Digest cellular waste

(64) Write the equation for cellular respiration:

65) What are the reactants for cellular respiration? Glucose Oxygen

(66) What are the products for cellular respiration? Water Carbon dioxide ATP

(67) Which organelle “does” respiration? Mitochondria

(68) Is there any special molecule produced during cellular resp? ATP

(69) What is osmosis? The movement of water particles from high to low concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane, until equilibrium is reached.

(70) What is diffusion? The movement of particles from high to low concentration, across a concentration gradient, until equilibrium is reached.

(71) What is a concentration gradient? Difference in concentration

(72) What is equilibrium? Balance Same

(73) If your cells are surrounded by solute, what would happen? Water from inside the cell will rush out Cell will shrivel up

Water would rush into the cell The cell would expand + burst (74) IF your cells had more water on the outside than inside, what would happen? Water would rush into the cell The cell would expand + burst

(75) What does your cell membrane do? Controls all traffic in + out of cell

(76) Draw a cell membrane with phospholipids + protein channels:

(77) Draw a phospholipid + label:

(78) What is active transport? The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, with the use of energy (ATP).

(79) Why would a molecule need ATP to move across a membrane? Too big Cell already has an abundance of the molecule (so it’s going against the gradient)

(80) What would you expect to find with a hypertonic cell?

(81) What would you expect to find with a hypotonic cell?

(82) What would you expect to find with an isotonic cell?

(83) What could cause your cells to be hypertonic? Cells have more water inside, than outside Cells are surrounded by solute You ate lots of sugar / salt / carbs

(84) What could cause your cells to be hypotonic? Cells have more water on outside, or less on inside More solute inside the cell You have eaten little, and drank lots of water

Internal balance / stability (85) What is homeostasis? Internal balance / stability

(85) –The second one—Which organ was underneath the ribs+ lungs? HEART

(86) Which organ was like a long rope along the abdomen? Intestine

(87) Which organs were laying on top of the heart? Lungs

(88) Why did you have to be careful with your first incision? You didn’t want to slice through all of the organs!

(89) Where did you find the kidneys? Along spine Under digestive system

(90) Which organ was large, red-brown + underneath the lungs and diaphragm? LIVER

(91) Why do you shiver when you are cold? Homeostatic response Shivering = muscle contractions = heat Imbalance to body temperature  body restabilizes

(92) How does your body regulate blood pH? Bicarbonate System… Carbon Dioxide = Increase in Acidity = Decrease in pH Too Acidic?  Take Carbon Dioxide + Bind Hydrogen Ions  Carbonic Acid & Bicarbonate Too Basic?  Take Carbonic Acid & Rip off Hydrogens