Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE Big Era Seven Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE

Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1914) During this Time… Jot down your thoughts to these questions: Would you be more likely to live in a rural (farm) area or an urban (city) area? Would it be likely that you would be in school right now? Would you have running water? Would you have an electric lamp? Was there a middle class? Was there slavery?

Let’s paint a picture Most of the population before the industrial revolution lived in rural areas No, at your age you would be home working on the farm… If your family was wealthy, however, you probably would be. Higher education was reserved for the wealthy No, you would probably have a well (don’t fall in or place an evil girl down there who will kill you if you watch a video tape) No, the electric light bulb did not become practical until late 1800s Yes Ex) slavery did not officially in U.S. end until the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865

Communication Revolution The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together?

For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!

World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

But the growth was not equal everywhere! World Population in Big Era Seven But the growth was not equal everywhere! .

Population in Millions % of World Population World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined. Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 25.0 1900 482 30.0 For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.

Growth of the Population of Boston 1690 - 7,000 158% 3,010% 1790 - 18,038 Background photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts 1900 - 560,892

Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Major Global Migrations Europeans overseas including Siberia 1820-1930 55-60,000,000 Africans to the Americas 1811-1870 1,900,000 Asians overseas 1850-1920 2,500,000

And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch! But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

Industrial Revolution Take a moment to write down your feelings/thoughts on these two images

By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood… Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 162.

and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy… Image: http://www.hw.ac.uk/mecWWW/watt.jpg

Steam Power Steam power/engines 1712: Thomas Newcomen (British) developed a steam engine that was powered by coal to pump H2O out of mines 1764 James Watt improved upon the design, made it more efficient & paved the way for its use in transportation For factory machines Machines no longer had to be driven manually, but could be powered using a steam engine Again this cuts production time down & the amount of workers needed Increases the amount of product that can be produced

Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835 People could produce more efficiently. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807 And travel more quickly. http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807

George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive And travel more quickly http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive 1829

The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven Chart: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 164.

The Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation British Factory: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0053.jpg Clermont: http://www.mscb.ch/dampf/bilder/clermont.jpg Rocket: http://www.sdrm.org/history/timeline/rocket-1.jpg

What we see in England… With a partner discuss these questions & come up with responses to each: What were some contributing factors to the initial industrial revolution which began in England & trickled over to the U.S.? Quality of life, did it improve or decline? Urbanization, good or bad?

The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships.

Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies Russia U.S.A. India Egypt Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies

Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone! And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too…

People should be able to buy and sell land freely. New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely. Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia, 15th ed., v. 27 (2002), p. 312 Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).

But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work? New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely. But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work? Sounds great!

Standardize weights and measures. http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rail.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/lister.htm~right Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs. Improve public health.

Transcontinental railroad Metric system 1790 http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rail.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/lister.htm~right Transcontinental railroad 1869 Antiseptic medicine 1867

People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

The Communication Revolution Steamboat Railroad Transatlantic cable Newspaper

One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km Source: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History, 238.

Railway Development in Europe 1840 1850

Railway Development in Europe 1880

Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole. Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 261. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990

The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage. Powerful, but not equal.

The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center. Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 263. Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia

After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market… Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45. India, 1877

and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price, Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45. India, 1877

not to where it was needed most. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 52.

And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy. http://memory.loc.gov/master/pnp/cph/3a00000/3a03000/3a03500/3a03511u.tif

And more of the world was colonized than ever before. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/1907powr.htm

Why does this occur?

Why does this occur? Economic interest Nationalism Military strategy Many European countries have been industrialized & need additional resources Nationalism Military strategy Humanitarian/Religious goals Social Darwinism Weakness of many non-western states

Types of rule Direct rule Education Protectorate (leave local rulers in place but they follow European policies) Sphere of influence (exclusive trading privileges with an area)