MAKING PUNNETT PREDICTIONS http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/mutant_flies/mutant_flies.html

m m + +m +m + m + ++ +m m +m mm F1 All = +m (show wildtype phenotype) IF GENE is AUTOSOMAL and RECESSIVE TO WILD TYPE (+) MALES:FEMALES 1:1 +m +m F1 All = +m (show wildtype phenotype) + m + m F2 ¼ = ++ 75% wildtype ½ = +m ¼ = mm 25% mutant 3:1 ratio ++ +m +m mm http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/mutant_flies/curly-wings.gif

M M + +M +M + M + ++ +M M +M MM F1 All = +M (mutant) F2 IF GENE is AUTOSOMAL and DOMINANT TO + MALES:FEMALES 1:1 M M + +M +M F1 All = +M (mutant) + M + M F2 ¼ = ++ 25% wildtype ½ = +M ¼ = MM 75% mutant 1:3 ratio ++ +M +M MM

X Y y y Yy yy Y y Y YY Yy y Yy yy Some disorders (YY) is lethal F1 Some disorders (YY) is lethal IF GENE is LETHAL (YY) (Can’t cross pure dominant) Males:females 1:1 Y y y Yy yy F1 50% = Yellow 50% = grey F2 Y y Y y F2 ¼ = YY (lethal) ½ = Yy 2/3 yellow ¼ = yy 1/3 grey 2:1 ratio YY Yy Yy yy X

Xm y X+ y Xm X+ X+Xm X+y X+Xm Xmy Xm XmXm Xmy IF GENE is X-LINKED RECESSIVE Different pattern if gene is inherited from mom or dad Mutant mom X wild type dad F1 F1 Xm y X+ Xm X+ y Xm X+Xm X+y XmXm Xmy X+Xm Xmy 50% normal females 50% mutant males 25% normal females 25% mutant females 25% mutant males 25% normal males When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios

X+ y Xm y X+ X+ X+Xm X+y X+Xm X+y Xm X+Xm Xmy IF GENE is X-LINKED RECESSIVE Different pattern if gene is inherited from mom or dad Wild type mom X mutant dad F1 F2 X+ y X+ Xm Xm y X+ X+Xm X+y X+Xm Xmy X+Xm X+y 50% normal females 50% normal males 50% normal females 25% mutant males 25% normal males When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios

XM y X+ y XM X+ X+XM X+y X+XM XMy XM XMXM XMy IF GENE is X-linked dominant MUTANT MOM X WILD TYPE DAD F1 F2 XM y X+ XM X+ y XM X+XM X+y XMXM XMy X+XM XMy 50% mutant females 50% mutant males 50% mutant females 25% wild type males 25% mutant males When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios

X+ y XM y X+ X+ X+X+ X+y X+XM X+y XM X+XM XMy IF GENE is X-linked dominant WILD TYPE MOM X MUTANT DAD F1 X+ y X+ XM XM y X+ F2 X+X+ X+y X+XM XMy X+XM X+y 50% mutant females 50% normal males 25% wild type females 25% mutant females 25% wild type males 25% mutant males When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios

GENETIC ABBREVIATIONS DOMINANT MUTATIONS: first letter = capitalized. EX: sternopleural bristles= Sp RECESSIVE MUTATIONS = lower case EX: mahogany eyes = mah normal "wild type" version of the gene = same abbreviation as mutant with a "+" superscript For example, Sp+ and mah+. Sometimes, when the meaning is obvious, "+" by itself is used EX: heterozygote genotypes: +/Sp and +/mah. VIRTUAL FLY LAB DOESN’T FOLLOW THIS PROTOCOL: You need to explore and figure out whether it is dominant or recessive.