Pharmacobotany 2 Lecture 13

Subclassis: ZINGIBERIDAE perennial herbs or trees with a simple trunk flowers: colorful perianth perigonium in 2 whorls: calyx- and corolla-like zygomorphy, asymmetry highly adapted to insect pollination

Ordo: Zingiberales herbs with rhizomes, or woody plants with secondary thickening wet, marshy forests of tropical areas leaf base with sheath  “false axis” pollination: birds, mice rhizome: excentric starch

Familia: Zingiberaceae Ginger family tropical perennial herbs gene centre: South-East-Asia fleshy rhizome or tuberous root zygomorphic, 3-merous flowers cells secreting essential oil and resin

Zingiber officinale ginger

gingerol (phenylpropane) Zingiberis rhizoma: helps digestion anti-inflammatory gingerol (phenylpropane) Zingiber officinale rhizome

Curcuma longa – turmeric

Curcuma longa - turmeric “curry”component, cholagogue

Elettaria cardamomum cardamom carminative

Ordo: Bromeliales America – tropical areas epiphytes, terrestrial species Leaves: tightly overlapping leaf bases – water storage water absorbance – scale-like surface layer bird-pollination is frequent

Familia: Bromeliaceae Bromeliad family

Ananas comosus pine-apple

bromelain – proteolytic enzyme

Subclassis: COMMELINIDAE arid habitats (steppe, savanna) herbaceous or woody plants Leaves: spirally arranged, surrounded by sheath Inflorescence: inflorescence composed of spikes Fruit: capsule or caryopsis Seed: endosperm rich in starch

Familia: Poaceae / Gramineae Ordo: Poales Familia: Poaceae / Gramineae Grass family

Poaceae – Grass family Root system: fibrous (homorrhizous), often creeping rhizomes Stem: cylindrical, hollow – ”grass stem” Leaves: spirally, leaf base: open sheath thin outgrowths at the junction of leaf and leaf stalk: ligule, auricule epidermis: long cells, short (silica) cells, stoma guard cells: dumb-bell shaped; subsidiary cells: trapezoid or triangular (paracytic) Inflorescence: terminal spike or panicle base unit: spikelet Fruit: caryopsis

Spikelet structure Spike: spikelets Bromus sp.: stigma ovary anther lodicules Spike: spikelets palea lemma palea Bromus sp.: glume lemma glume spikelet axis spike axis

Subfamilia: Bambusoideae Oryza sativa rice

Subfamilia: Arundinoideae Phragmites australis common reed

Subf.: Andropogonoideae Saccharum officinarum - sugarcane

Subf.: Andropogonoideae Maydis stigma: diuretic, antidiabetic Zea mays - corn

Subfamilia: Pooideae Triticum aestivum - wheat wheat germ oil wheat starch

Secale cereale rye host plant of Claviceps purpurea pollen: against prostatitis

Avena sativa – common oat Avenae herba: diuretic

Hordeum vulgare common barley „beer barley” „cereal barley”

Agropyron (Elymus) repens – quackgrass, couch grass Rhizome: diuretic, externally: antiseptic

Cymbopogon citratus lemon grass → Cymbopogon aetheroleum Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) → Citronellae aetheroleum

Subclassis: ARECIDAE woody stem Leaves: large, compound, evergreen, arranged at the top of an unbranched stem Inflorescence: panicle spadix + spathe

Ordo: Arecales Familia: Arecaceae (Palmaceae) Palm family South-America, SE-Asia silica incrustation calcium-oxalate raphides polyphenols starch oil

Phoenix dactylifera date palm

Areca catechu – areca nut palm arecoline (alkaloid): anthelminthic Arecae semen: stimulant

Cocos nucifera coconut palm

Cocos nucifera Coconut: Mesocarp – fibres Seed endosperm: copra - oil milk - formulas, sweets

Serenoa repens = Sabal serrulata saw palmetto benign prostate hyperplasy 